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Cocept Analysis Adaptation Free Essays

The Concept of Adaptation Using Sis. Callista Roy’s Model of Adaptation A Concept Analysis St. Augustine’s College Exploring the Concept of Adaptation Adaptation has long been described as one of the mean tools of human and animal survival. We will write a custom essay sample on Cocept Analysis: Adaptation or any similar topic only for you Order Now A chameleon changes its color to hide from a predator, a child becomes withdrawn to deal with the death of a loved one or a soldier learns how to walk with a prosthetic limb after the traumatic amputation of a leg due to injury. All of these situations describe a form of adaptation on behalf of the individual in order to deal with a stressful situation. According to Sister Callista Roy (2009)† adaptation is the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons as individuals or in groups use conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration† (McEwen Wills, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of adaptation in the hope to bring clarification to the use of the term in nursing research and practice. This will be done in the form of a concept analysis. A concept analysis is the rigorous process of bringing clarity to the definition of the concepts used in science (McEwen Wills, 2011). The concept analysis process of Walker and Avant (2005) includes selection of a concept, determining the aims or purpose of the concept, identifying all the possible uses of the concept, determining the defining attributes, identification of model cases: identifying borderline, related, contrary, invented and illegitimate cases, identifying antecedents, consequences and lastly defining the empirical referents (McEwen Wills, 2011). The concept analysis process is important because most of nursing theory has been based on concepts adopted from other disciplines, so it is necessary to explore these concepts to discover their relevance to the nursing profession (McEwen Wills, 2011). Aim of the Analysis The aim of this concept analysis of adaptation is to discover what descriptors of this concept make it more relevant to nursing practice and research. As pointed out by Rodgers and Knafl (2000) the value of discussing concepts is to promote the clarification and refinement of an idea that is intended to contribute to the problem solving efforts of a discipline (Holden, 2005). Literature Review of the Theory Adaptation Taylor’s (1983) cognitive adaptation theory states that individuals use positive thought processes as a form of adapting to stressful circumstances. Engaging in mildly positive self-relevant distortions enables an individual to maintain an optimistic outlook, enhance self-esteem and encourage a sense of mastery when facing a threatening event (Henselmans et al. 2009). Taylor proposes that these positive thoughts give an individual a sense of control which will then force the individual to take constructive action when dealing with a stressful situation. Schkade and Schultz (1992) in their occupational adaptation theory proposed that there is a normal process that individuals go through as they strive for compet ency on their jobs. There is an interaction with the environment that drives the individual to attain mastery over work related challenges. In this process the individual evaluates their responses to the challenges based on an internal sense of effectiveness or satisfaction. The self-assessment phase is the only means of evaluating the level of adaptation in this theory. Charmaz (1995) proposed that adaptation for most people is a gradual process of evolution where an altered individual changes to accommodate bodily and functional loss (Livneh Parker, 2005). The changes in the individuals result from a recognition of a loss of their former self -image and the adaptation only comes about after that realization. Yoshida (1993) believes that adaptation through identity reconstruction only comes about after the individual struggles between their identity as a disabled person and their identity as their former self (Livneh Parker, 2011). There is a constant internal struggle to which the outcome cannot be predicted. Lewin speaks of a reciprocal, interactive process of adaptation that involves the individual and the environment (Livneh Parker, 2011). The environment consists of internal and external factors that influence the adaptation process. The internal factors can include type and severity of illness and/or the individual’s concept of self. The external factors include variables such as physical, social and vocational aspects of the external environment. The level of adaptation will depend on the interaction between the individual and these environmental factors. Uses of the Concept Adaptation as defined by Merriam-Webster (2013) is the adjustment to environmental conditions, adjustment of a sense organ to the intensity or quality of stimulation. Synonyms for adaptation: acclimation, accommodation, acclimatization, adjustment and conformation. Charles Darwin theory of natural selection states that organisms adapt to their environment to become better fitted to survive and that they pass these genes on to the next generation ( ). According to Natural Resources Canada (NRC) adaptation includes activities that are taken before impacts are observed (anticipatory) and after impacts have been felt (reactive). Both anticipatory and reactive adaptation can be planned as a result of deliberate policy decisions and reactive adaptation can also occur spontaneously (NRC, 2008). Defining Attributes Two defining attributes of adaptation are interaction and environment. A common theme that emerged during the review of information researched for this topic was that adaptation occurs after interaction between the individual and the environment. The Roy adaptation model (Roy Andrews, 1999) viewed the individual as a holistic adaptive system who responds to different stimuli in the environment, he/she processes changes in the environment through emotional channels that involve perception, learning, judgment and emotion (Cunningham, 2002). Model Cases Walker Avant (2010) state that a model case illustrates or exemplifies the concept and includes demonstrations of all defining ttributes (CCN, 2012). A model case of adaptation could be a previously withdrawn 45 year old female patient with a new colostomy. The patient Mrs. X shied away from learning how to care for her colostomy, refusing even to look at the colostomy during colostomy care. Subsequently Mrs. X now asks appropriate questions, has become more involved even to the point of changing her colo stomy appliance. During this process the nurse encourages the patient by asking open ended questions about her feelings, the nurse also assures the patient that when she is ready to talk or learn someone will be available to answer her questions. Mr. L is a 35 year old newly diagnosed diabetic, who is open and receptive to diet and lifestyle changes that has become necessary to control his blood glucose levels. The adaptation can be seen by the patient taking part in the discussion with his nutritionist, asking appropriate questions and requesting information about resources that will be available to him should he need more support in adjusting to his new lifestyle changes. A contrary case is an example that does not display the attributes of the concept. Ms. B a 25 year old that received a right lower limb amputation due to a car accident refuses to take part in physiotherapy. In fact, she is somewhat hostile to the healthcare team and does not take part in any discussion about her plan of care and her rehabilitation. Attempts by the nurses to build a therapeutic relationship by asking open ended questions and sitting with the patient to offer comfort and support are not acknowledged. Related cases, according to Walker Avant (2010), include most but not all of the attributes that relate to adaptation (CCN, 2012). Safety in many cases can be related to adaptation. Nurses find that they will have to step in and modify a patient’s environment to aid in the adjustment to an ongoing ailment. This may include dimming the lights, providing a quiet atmosphere and limiting visitors for a patient that has a dissecting aortic aneurysm. The nurse understands that it is important for this individual to have a calm quiet environment he/she also knows the importance of administering antihypertensive medication and sedative as needed to achieve an internal environment that is conducive to this person’s health. Providing safety may also come in the form of providing a clutter free environment for all patients. This includes ensuring that the bed is in the lowest position, all electrical cords are secured properly and the patient’s belongings and the call light are within the patient’s reach. These little changes go a long way in helping people adjust to the strange environment of a hospital room and by performing these tasks the nurse is fulfilling his/her role of promoting adaptation according to Roy’s Adaptation Model. Antecedents and Consequences According to Walker and Avant (1995), antecedents are the events or incidents that happen before the concept (Cheng, Foster Huang, 2003). An antecedent to adaptation is stress, stress which can affect the body as a result of an accident, infection or an illness. The onset of a physical trauma or the diagnosis of a life threatening illness can set into motion a chain of psychosocial experiences, reaction or responses (Livneh Parker, 2005). The goal of nursing at this point would be to promote adaptation (McEwen Wills, 2011). The needs of the patient will be assessed and the plan for an appropriate intervention should be formulated. Control over the situation maybe beyond the scope of nursing practice however, the goal is for the patient to try to achieve integration with the environment, external or internal. Consequences are the events or incidents that happen as a result of the concept. A consequence of adaptation is that a change has taken place, a change in mindset or behavior. A patient that was not able to ambulate without assistance may now be able to walk around their home using crutches or a cane. The newly diagnosed breast cancer patient is no longer fearful because she has developed a positive outlook about her disease. She has started to look for support groups and researching natural intervention to help battle her illness. Taylor (1983) proposed that self -generated control perceptions prevent helplessness and promotes constructive thought and action (Henselmans et al. , 2009). Empirical Referents Walker and Avant (2010) define an empirical referent as a measurement tool or mechanism for the demonstration of the existence of the defining attributes of a concept (CCN, 2012). Cognitive adaptation is measured by the individual’s feelings of control or mastery over the illness as well as the individual’s positive outlook relating to their illness. One of the tools used to measure optimism is the Life Oriented Test (LOT). It consists of eight items and yields a total score between 0 and 32. An example of a question is: ‘I always look on the bright side of life’. The participants are asked to rate this statement on a 5 point scale, ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The Pearlin and Schooler’s Mastery Scale is used to assess feelings of control over events. Seven items are used to assess global beliefs of perceived control rather than events being controlled by fate. Five items are phrased in a positive way and two items in a negative way. An example of a statement is ‘I have little control over the things that happen to me’. A five point scale is used here also 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher points on both scales, indicates a higher level of perceived control or optimism which points to positive adaptation. Conclusion Adaptation is an innate basic function that all humans and organisms must have to overcome different stressors in life. How one adapts is closely related to our coping strategies. Adaptation can be positive which results in human and environmental integration (McEwen Wills, 2011). The nurse’s role in this process is to adapt to the patient’s needs by performing a thorough assessment to be able to provide the tools needed for the individual to positively adjust to complications that they are experiencing. References Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2012). NR 501 Theoretical basis for advanced nursing practice. Concept Analysis: Directions with Scoring Rubric. St Louis, MO: Author Chen, S. F. , Foster, R. L. , Huang, C. Y. (2003). Concept analysis of pain. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal 2:3 Cunningham, D. A. (2005). Adaptation of Roy’s adaptation model when caring for a group of women coping with menopause. Journal of Community Health Nursing 19(1), 49-60 Henselmans, I. , Sanderman, R. , Helgeson, S. V. , de Vries, J. , Smink, A. , Ranchor, A. V. (2010). Personal control over the cure of breast cancer: Adaptiveness, underlying beliefs and correlates. Psycho-Oncology 19: 525-534 Holden, L. M. (2005). Complex adaptive systems: Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 52 (6) 651-657 Honoch, L. , Randall, M. P. (2005). Psychological adaptation to disability: Perspectives from chaos and complexity theory. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 17-28 Lorre, G. A. , Schkade, J. K. , Ishee, J. H. (2004). Content validity of the relative mastery measurement scale: A measure of occupational adaptation. Occupational, Participation and Health 24 (3) McEwen, M. , Wills, E. (2011). Theoretical basis for nursing (3rd ed. . Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health. Merriam-Webster. com. (2013). Adaptation. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/adaptation Stiegelis, H. E. , Hagedoorn, M. , Sanderman, R. , Van der Zee, K. I. , Buunk, B. P. , Van den Bergh, A. C. M. (2003). Cognitive adaptation: A comparison of cancer patients and healthy references. British Journal of Health Psychology 8 303-318 What is Adaptation? (2008) Natu ral Resources Canada. Retrieved from: www. nrcan. gc. ca How to cite Cocept Analysis: Adaptation, Essay examples

My Experience with Smoking Essay Example

My Experience with Smoking Essay Can you imagine how life been without smoking Beautiful have not it But you can not appreciate it, until you had been an Ex-smoker. Unfortunately I was smoke Addicted six years and I can not imagine my life is now without smoking. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast my life when I was smoking and after I quit it. When I was been smoking I faced three main problems: First: health problems and it was the worst! I was always sick tired and lazy, so that led me to lose my focus in studying because of the pressure that cigarette made to me and I tend to forget many things when I was a smoker. In addition I faced another problem, it was a social problem a lot of people that they were adoring me; their treatment was changed with me like my parents, cousins and friends who do not smoke. They were always angry of my acting, so that made me so worried and aggressive. Furthermore, money problem; I used to be broke because I spent a lot of money on cigarette. How my life changed after smoking, I cant imagine that I got my freedom back and I am not any longer captive to nicotine, my health now is better than before one hundred percent I can do my exercises regularly without any exhausted, my studying is going to be better and I do not have any problems with my family, they love me and I do too. Right now I am proud of my self and my family is proud of me; they can count on me in many things. We will write a custom essay sample on My Experience with Smoking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Experience with Smoking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Experience with Smoking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Am happy now, I smell good fresh air, I spend my money in the right way and I do not spend it any more at silly things like cigarette. In conclusion I am going to tell all nonsmokers never try to smoke, it will coos you a lot of problems. Because with all this evident that I have wrote, there is not any benefit of smoking and for the others who still smoking, you have to quit, its not impossible because when you did not quit it will be show up in your health and your appearance so please you should quit before it is late. .

Thanksgiving Day Origins and Its Traditions

Thanksgiving Day Origins and Its Traditions How Thanksgiving Traditions Got Started? Modern Thanksgiving Day traditions do differ a lot from the times of the first unofficial and official observations of that holiday. Lets see how Thanksgiving Day appeared, where such family rituals as football and parades watching, cooking, eating and begging turkey pardon come from and how they were rooted in the American culture. Origin of Thanksgiving Day While 1621 is considered to be the year of first Thanksgiving Day festivities celebrated by local Indians and Pilgrims, who arrived at Plymouth Rock at that time, there are also other observable versions of its origin connected with celebrations in 1598 by Juan de Onate and his fellow travelers (Texas) and celebrations in 1565 by Pedro Menendes de Aviles and his troops (Florida). Official Annual Observation Though origins of Thanksgiving Day are rooted in XVI century, the holiday became an official fixed annual event only in 1863. President Lincoln declared the holiday as a national one setting the ultimate Thursday of November as a date for its celebration. Turkey or Venison? That Is the Question! Everyone associates Thanksgiving Day with a roasted turkey as a traditional to-serve-meal on the occasion of the holiday. However, did you know that, in reality, the meat of venison was the main course on the tables of Pilgrims during the huge three-day feast devoted to the abundant harvest? Despite wild turkeys were on the territory of Plymouth Rock exactly deer, ducks and goose were preferred on the pilgrims menu. Pardoning the Thanksgiving Turkey According to the White House Historical Association, turkeys, which were sent to American presidents as gifts since the 1870s, has become a national symbol of a good cheer. It is claimed that the establishment of the tradition of pardoning a turkey on Thanksgiving Day goes back to the times of President Truman, though, the official formalities of pardoning the Thanksgiving Turkey were laid dawn by George H. W. Bush in 1989. The Tradition of Macys Parade This one belongs to the list of recent traditions, which started to be observed in 1924. The large-scale Macys Parade was organized by the department store chain called Macy and was one of the biggest parades ever. Since that time it is annually held in New York City and brings joy to millions of families with its live performances. Thanksgiving Football Tradition The tradition of playing/watching football on Thanksgiving Day is as essential as eating turkey. First games on that holiday were played between Yale and Princeton Universities in 1876. The tradition was maintained with the development of professional football and nowadays football is an integral part of Thanksgiving celebrations. Dont know how to spend Thanksgiving Day? Simply follow the formed traditions and have fun.

Lockheed F-104 Starfighter History

Lockheed F-104 Starfighter History The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter was developed for the US Air Force as a supersonic interceptor. Entering service in 1958, it was the USAFs first fighter capable of speeds in excess of Mach 2. Though the F-104 set a multitude of airspeed and altitude records, it suffered from reliability issues and possessed a poor safety record. Briefly used in the Vietnam War, the F-104 was largely ineffective and was withdrawn in 1967. The F-104 was widely exported and saw service with numerous other countries. Design The F-104 Starfighter traces its origins to the Korean War where US Air Force pilots were battling the MiG-15. Flying the North American F-86 Sabre, they stated that they desired a new aircraft with superior performance. Visiting American forces in December 1951, Lockheeds chief designer, Clarence Kelly Johnson, listened to these concerns and learned firsthand the pilots needs. Returning to California, he quickly assembled design team to begin sketching out a new fighter. Assessing several design options ranging from small light fighters to heavy interceptors they ultimately settled on the former. Building around the new General Electric J79 engine, Johnsons team created a supersonic air superiority fighter that utilized the lightest airframe possible. Emphasizing performance, the Lockheed design was presented to the USAF in November 1952. Intrigued by Johnsons work, it elected to issue a new proposal and began accepting competing designs. In this competition, Lockheeds design was joined by those from Republic, North American, and Northrop. Though the other aircraft possessed merits, Johnsons team won the competition and received a prototype contract in March 1953. Development Work moved forward on the prototype which was dubbed XF-104. As the new J79 engine was not ready for use, the prototype was powered by a Wright J65. Johnsons prototype called for a long, narrow fuselage that was mated with a radical new wing design. Employing a short, trapezoidal shape, the XF-104s wings were extremely thin and required protection on the leading edge to avoid injury to ground crews. These were combined with a t-tail configuration aft. Due to the thinness of the wings, the XF-104s landing gear and fuel were contained within the fuselage. Initially armed with a M61 Vulcan cannon, the XF-104 also possessed wingtip stations for AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. Later variants of the aircraft would incorporate up to nine pylons and hardpoints for munitions. With construction of the prototype complete, the XF-104 first took to the sky on March 4, 1954 at Edwards Air Force Base. Though the aircraft had moved quickly from the drawing board to the sky, an additional four years were required to refine and improve the XF-104 before it became operational. Entering service on February 20, 1958, as the F-104 Starfighter, the type was the USAFs first Mach 2 fighter. Cockpit of a F-104C Starfighter. US Air Force Performance Possessing impressive speed and climb performance, the F-104 could be tricky aircraft during takeoff and landings. For the latter, it employed a boundary layer control system to reduce its landing speed. In the air, the F-104 proved very effective at high-speed attacks, but less so in dogfighting due to its wide turning radius. The type also offered exceptional performance at low altitudes making it useful as a strike fighter. During the course of its career, the F-104 became known for its high loss rate due to accidents. This was particularly true in Germany where the Luftwaffe grounded the F-104 in 1966. F-104G Starfighter GeneralLength:  54 ft., 8 in.Wingspan:  21 ft., 9 in.Height:  13 ft., 6 in.Wing Area:  196.1  sq. ft.Empty Weight:  14,000 lbs.Loaded Weight:  20,640 lbs.Crew:  1Performance Power Plant:  1 Ãâ€" General Electric J79-GE-11A afterburning turbojetCombat Radius:  420 milesMax Speed:  1,328 mphArmament Guns:  1 Ãâ€" 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan cannon, 725 rounds7 Hardpoints:  4 x AIM-9 Sidewinder, up to 4,000 lbs. bombs, rockets, drop tanks Operational History Entering service with 83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron in 1958, the F-104A first became operational as part of the USAF Air Defense Command as an interceptor. In this role the type suffered teething problems as the squadrons aircraft were grounded after a few months due to engine issues. Based on these problems, the USAF reduced the size of its order from Lockheed. Lockheed F-104A Starfighter of the 83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron at Taoyuan Air Base, Taiwan, on 15 September 1958, during the Quemoy Crisis. US Air Force While issues persisted, the F-104 became a trailblazer as the Starfighter set a series of performance records including world air speed and altitude. Later that year, a fighter-bomber variant, the F-104C, joined the USAF Tactical Air Command. Quickly falling out of favor with the USAF, many F-104s were transferred to the Air National Guard. With the beginning of the US involvement in the Vietnam War in 1965, some Starfighter squadrons began to see action in Southeast Asia. In use over Vietnam until 1967, the F-104 failed to score any kills and suffered a loss of 14 aircraft to all causes. Lacking the range and payload of more modern aircraft, the F-104 was quickly phased out of service with the last aircraft leaving USAF inventory in 1969. The type was retained by NASA which used F-104 for testing purposes until 1994. An Export Star Though the F-104 proved unpopular with the USAF, it was exported extensively to NATO and other US-allied nations. Flying with the Republic of China Air Force and Pakistan Air Force, the Starfighter scored kills in the 1967 Taiwan Strait Conflict and India-Pakistan Wars respectively. Other large buyers included the Germany, Italy, and Spain who bought the definitive F-104G variant beginning in the early 1960s. Featuring a reinforced airframe, longer range, and improved avionics, the F-104G was built under license by several companies including FIAT, Messerschmitt, and SABCA. In Germany, the F-104 got off to a bad start due to a large bribery scandal that was associated with its purchase. This reputation sank further when the aircraft began suffering from an unusually high accident rate. Though the Luftwaffe endeavored to correct problems with its F-104 fleet, over 100 pilots were lost in training accidents during the aircrafts use in Germany. As losses mounted, General Johannes Steinhoff grounded the F-104 in 1966 until solutions could be found. Despite these problems, export production of the F-104 continued until 1983. Utilizing various modernization programs, Italy continued to fly the Starfighter until finally retiring it in 2004.

King Lear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

King Lear - Essay Example Politically, Lear begins as a tyrant, divides his kingdom, which leads to his loss of kingship and then learns the true meaning of kingship as he embraces his humanity. As a father, he severs his natural bonds by misunderstanding the true meaning of familial duty and learns the meaning of unconditional love through the unadorned love of his youngest. As a man, he begins his journey isolated from those who love him and then regains his humanity while locked up in prison. Throughout the chaos, the poetry is ripe with imagery of sight. Lear begins the play with no insight, no ability for introspection and leaves the mortal world with eyes open and sight restored. The first act of King Lear identifies all the divisions. Lear expresses his "darker purposes" (Shakespeare 548), to divide his kingdom, ironically, in the hopes "that future strife May be prevented now" (Shakespeare 549). But, as we soon see, there can only be strife because there is an unnatural balance, a division of all things, which leads to chaos and then, as all begins to become reconciled and balanced, there emerges hope for a better future. It all stems from Lear's inability to reconcile his will with reason. Dividing up his kingdom is his first serious mistake. He violates the law of nature at the highest level of order, that of the State. He thinks he can "shake all cares and business from our age," (Shakespeare 708) but still keep the superficial trappings of a king. Then he divides his family by acting as a tyrant. A tyrant sees no "otherness". He sees the world only through his own eyes. He separated himself from the world and thereby has no understanding of what goes o n around him. Lear banishes the two people, Cordelia and Kent, who love him because he sees love and daughters as a commodity. He then leaves evil to rule the kingdom. Lear is blind to the truth. When Kent asks him to reconsider, Lear says, "Out of my sight" and Kent responds, "See better Lear, and let me still remain the True blank of thine eye" (Shakespeare 555). Lear's last words in 5.3 are ripe with images of sight which mirror his statements in Act I. "Mine eyes are not o' the best, I'll tell you straight" ( Shakespeare 780). Lear's physical sight is waning but he now sees the truth because he has regained his reason, which allows him to see more clearly his duties as a father, a human being and a king. Lear looses his kingship, dignity, and family very quickly, Goneril and Reagan conspire to leave him defenseless. It seems that Shakepseare wants to get the details of the plot over very quickly so that he can concentrate on character development. Lear's first stage of enlightenment or reconciliation comes during the storm, a powerful example of pathetic fallacy, into which his two daughters send him, saying ""Tis his own blame; hath put himself from rest, And must needs taste his folly." (Shakespeare 741). Good advice from an unlikely source. Lear must go through the storm of self-discovery if he is to reconcile himself with reasoning and integrity. Gloucester's blinding signals a moment of greatest pain. The crisis of madness that Lear has unleashed in his kingdom. And then there's a turning point. The storm symbolizes the cathartic moment between chaos and the beginnings of a reconstruction. Not until Lear is physically striped of all his royal markings, does he begin to understa nd that a real king is not

Ee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ee - Essay Example about the formation and positioning of the continents that changed through time through the continuous sliding or colliding of the continental and oceanic crusts onto one another (Van Dyke 3). It is also able to explain the presence of fault lines and mountain formations. 4. What caused the Himalayas? – The movement of the Indian subcontinent and its impact to the Asian continent formed the Himalayas, through a slow process of head-on collision or crustal collision (Van Dyke 4). 10. Which type of rock is most likely to contain petroleum? – Sedimentary rocks are mostly found near coastal lines due to mineral deposition through time. Thus sedimentary rocks most likely contain petroleum, as exemplified by large oil deposits along seacoasts like the Persian Gulf (Van Dyke 12). 11. Explain the inorganic origin of oil, which origin do you think is most likely, organic or inorganic? – The inorganic theory of the origin of oil states that oil deposits were formed during the creation of the planets or during the formation of the solar system (Van Dyke 14). This theory explains why petroleum from a large deposit are similar even though the rocks where they were found were different in structure. However, petroleum is made up of hydrocarbons, which come from the decomposition of living things (Van Dyke 13). Thus the organic theory is much more plausible than the inorganic theory of oil formation. 12. Which has more permeability, a box of popcorn or a similar box of sand? – An object is said to be permeable if its pores are interconnected, and water can flow through it through these pores (Van Dyke 15). Therefore, a box of sand has more permeability than a box of popcorn, mainly because the sand has more interconnecting pores than the popcorn. 15. Name and define three types of traps. – Three types of traps are: structural traps, formed during folding or faulting of rocks (e.g. anticlinal traps); stratigraphic traps, formed by a nonporous formation that sealed