Rural Homelessness - 871 Words

Rural Homelessness As the Joad family lost its farm and hit the road in Steinbecks classic, The Grapes of Wrath, so to did America lose its ability to plead ignorance to the problem of rural homelessness. Yet, as the troubles of the Great Depression, and two million homeless Americans, were eclipsed by a world at war, the issue of homelessness was once again placed on the back burner, and then taken off of the stove altogether (Davis 275). Although this problem has seldom been discussed in the sixty years since, rural homelessness is again on the rise and threatens to become the major problem facing rural America (Rural Homelessness). Less than ten miles from the intersection of Sprague and Division in downtown†¦show more content†¦Although the homeless here may be out of sight, they are still present; for a variety of reasons, the rural homeless are not as blatantly obvious as their peers in the city. For example, few rural communities have homeless shelters, which, in big cities, tend to congregate the homeless into easily identifiable groups. As a result, some indigent people are forced to find temporary shelter with friends and family; others sleep in their vehicles at campsites. This we take care of our own attitude tends to keep the rural homeless out of site of passers-by. Subsequently, the exact numbers of rural homeless are nearly impossible to track (Wilkinson). While the causes of homelessness (drug addiction, fleeing from abusive relationships, mental health problems, and economic depressions) are similar for the rural and urban homeless, the demographics of the population are exceedingly dissimilar (Rural Homelessness). Julie Zimmerman, referring to the rural homeless, states, of households living in poverty, there are very nearly as many living in two adult households, as are living in single adult households (B). Additionally, in many of the cases at least one of those adults is employed. This fact alone illustrates the difference between homelessness in the rural environment and the urban variety (Zimmerman A). One subgroup of the ruralShow MoreRelatedEssay on Solving Homelessness1416 Words   |  6 PagesSolving Homelessness Nationwide homelessness is a growing epidemic across the country. There are many ways an individual can become homeless, for the most part it is poverty. There are also different concentrations of homeless in different types of environments, such as urban or suburban areas. Last, there is the ever-growing homeless population, and how much money it costs us for others to live in poverty. A way we can help find the solution to this problem, is to know the facts about this lingeringRead MoreUrbanization Is A Necessary Process For A Country1551 Words   |  7 Pagespaper looks at challenges that can reside in poor urban residents, identifies causes and also highlights ways in which that can be used reduces them. Urbanization Urbanization is the increase in urban population, this occurs when the rural population shifts from rural areas to urban regions for better job opportunities and better facilities (wiki)2. Urbanization can be seen as a crucial and necessary process for a country to develop. It can also be used to measure a country s wealth as it providesRead MoreAll Men and Women have the Right to the American Dream638 Words   |  3 Pagesand be forced to leave their homes. Homelessness doesn’t differentiate but effects individuals from all walk of life such as; families with children, military veterans, victims of domestic violence, the working poor, and the mentally ill, just to name a few. Homelessness is influenced by not only by economic factors; it includes social, medical, and political factors as well, however, every community is unique in finding ways to overcome homelessness including our community within Pettis CountyRead MoreEssay on Homelessness1569 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness is a serious problem in our society. Every night in our nation thousands of people are on the streets. This type of behavior is considered deviant because it does not reflect the norms and values of our society. In many cases the homeless people in our country are treated as total outcasts. Many of these people have severe mental disorders. Some are victims of an economy that has failed them. One may ask how such harsh situations exist in such an advanced society. With all the moneyRead MoreHomelessness : The Problem Of Homelessness1584 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness Awareness At some point in their life, a person has seen or heard of an individual who lives on the streets. The individual who lives on the streets and holds a sign that says they need money for food is consider homeless. Sadly, these individuals are everywhere and the amount of people under this title is slowly increasing. However, in this nation we have the ability to begin decreasing that number. By providing the necessary amount of assistance required to place these individualsRead MoreHow Homelessness Has Changed Since The Great Depression843 Words   |  4 PagesThe image of homelessness has changed since the Great Depression, when many homeless people were elderly and white. Today a growing number of women and families, including young children, are homeless because of insufficient housing and resources (Bassuk Rosenberg, 1988). As the number of homeless people has continued to rise over the past decade, homelessness has become a central feature of life in America. Homelessness tends to be associated with images of people who sleep in the streets, parksRead MoreHomelessness Is A Growing Problem Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pageslatest definition of homelessness is, people who live in temporary house, have no tenure and do not have enough space for social relations (Justin 2006). Homelessness is a growing problem in Australia and it has spread quickly and influences to different kind of people. The rapid increase of homeless issues has influenced various people and the government should put forward corresponding solutions for these causes. This essay will introduce five main reasons which cause homelessness and the governmentRead More Homelessness975 Words   |  4 Pages Homelessness nbsp; Recently on a Saturday morning while ignoring my traditional routine, I opted to make a run to my local Albertsons bakery to acquire some donuts for a nutritional family breakfast. In doing so, I swung my car into its usual parking spot as if on auto drive. I opened my door on this unusually brisk morning to witness something that shook my comfy cozy surroundings. A mother and father were standing against a jalopy of a car the color of an Olympic gold metal goneRead MoreDealing with Homelessness in Australia Essay examples1400 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is all our responsibility. Waking every morning in a warm bed in a secure house for some Australians is only a dream. Every day more and more people are becoming or are at risk of becoming homeless as the global economy crumbles away and monetary resources become harder to find. What is homelessness: the Australian Government Department of Health (2005) defines homelessness as a person who is without a conventional home. Homeless Australians have become disconnected from family and friendRead MoreHomelessness : The Homeless Population Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness affects millions of people every year. Homelessness is an endless epidemic that continues to grow. There isn’t one specific causal factor to this every increasing population. Individuals experiencing homelessness come from various backgrounds and cultures physically, financially, and emotionally. They could be considered the melting pot for diversity. Often times individuals experiencing homeless are judged by their outer appearance with no regard for the contributing factors to the

Gd on China or Pakistan Threat to India Free Essays

attoVishnu, China is a bigger threat than pakistan. I am not speaking about military strength, I am speaking about economic strength. China as all the ability to take all our business, services away from us. We will write a custom essay sample on Gd on China or Pakistan Threat to India or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the future, it can stand as a big challenge when it comes to outsourcing and other IT / ITeS services there by completely paralyzing our economy through problems like unemployment etc; China.. it can also challange USA, .. India will be peanuts. pakistan†¦ both equally match†¦ so not that much big threat, but still china is kick *** for India hebiggest threat to india is the pakistan because the , the p-akistan is spreading the cold war, gueerlas war that y it important , to watch carefull the activity of pakistan definately pakistan and due to kashmir dispute. China is the bigger threat, a head on clash with china, could be damaging to India. However, pakistan offers a threat of a different kind, spreading terror, whose effect would be quite bad. hi brother its china. they say that arunachal pradesh belongs to them and some disputes in tibet border. its easy to fight with pakistan and win. we know the pakistan is a part of india. t has been to given a place for certain minoroties by india. so theres less threat. jai hind Currently I would say Pakistan because this is the time of Islamic aggresion in the world and Pakistan is an Islamic nation and they currently have a low level conflict with India and there have been terrorist attacks on India from Pakistan. China has the potential to be the biggest threat to anyone but they haven’t really shown much aggresion. Lets hope that they remain that way. no country becoz from both we do our good relations. It all depends on how you view the situation. Neither China nor Pakistan need be our foes. We can make use of them for our mutual benefit. However, as a military force China is far superior. On the other hand Pakistan is very close to our territory. Both these factors do not count much in the modern nuclear warfare. All depends on the wisdom of the rulers of the countries and our fate. CHINA is a bigger threat to India. It has the potential to beat down India in every sphere on its own. But PAKISTAN can’t do anything much without the help of bigger nations like AMERICA. As a force to compete economically, without a doubt China. But India is in a better position because US and Japan is trying to isolate China. India would soon be award the preferred trading status with US. As militarily threat, Pakistan will have more conflicts with India. There isn’t much long term deep root hatred between India and China, so any dispute can be easily resolved compare to Pakistan. china provides a source of healthy competition in the world market. so ,i’d say china’s not much of a threat if we realise how to make the most out of it for our advantage. we need strategic planning to implement this. the trade aggrements signed by the national leaders is a step forward in this direction. ince national security is of utmost importance , pakistan seems to be an immediate THREAT to the nation ,this issue is one that deserves attn rightaway. If it was a situation over what country could do more damage to India it would definatly be China†¦ But the biggest threat to India is Pakistan because China doesn’t threaten and hate India like Pakistan does pakistan cant be a threat for india coz pakistan is a poor country with no economics and also india has defeted pakistan so many times, pakistan is so much spoiled internally that it cant think to fight with india. akistan is also not capable to fight with india, it is india who divided pakistan in in 1971 war and that was enough for pakistan. as far as china is concerned, we also have the same strength as china has. we are indians we are afraid of no one. to tell the truth india is in a position to defend itself if any one of the attack i. e. we are self sufficient. but if both of them get india will be ruined it will be like â€Å"EK AUR EK GYARAH† None but India itself, notably ‘CORRUPTION’ from top to bottom! The answers post by the user, for information only, FunQA. com does not guarantee the right. How to cite Gd on China or Pakistan Threat to India, Papers

Market Advantages of IKEA Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Ikeas,s Market Advantages. Answer: IKEA has continued to show success in the home furnishing business. The company has managed to study the market and remain ahead of their rival companies. The company has over 131, 000 employees and 287 store worldwide. Competition mostly occurs at home in Sweden than in the global market. The company has remained competitiveness they offer modern home furnish styles and their main target is the families and children. The have lower prices than all their rival which attract more customer to their store. They advertise their product to other consumer using catalogues which are usually free. IKEA store which are located in different countries enhance the availability of their products to the consumers. The company has retained a unique and distinct profile which is hard for other companies to keep track. The company has done research on their market and found out that in in order to win the customers you have to understand their situation at home. They invest in researching their marke t and getting feedback from their customers Kurtz (2012). The company has maintained low prices which is hard for other rival companies to keep track. The company focus on generating more sales in the market. The company focus on expanding their market share .Most rival companies have maintained higher prices of which the IKEA still dominate the market. Their design, functionality of the product is always of high quality giving the consumer the value of their money. The concentrate on providing high quality services at a cheaper prices. Their home furnish is always unique of which they tailor make the design to fit the customers need. They offer great after sales services which make their customers loyal to them. They offer customer inceptives and discounts to keep them satisfied. Most rival companies do not focus on all customers need. They focus on high street shops other they focus on designs, standard cost, and most preferred design by customers. IKEA now combines all these factors and provide better services to the customers. They prov ide unique design, tailored designs for the customers, low cost and they have a variety of products for their consumers. IKEA has tailored made design since they cannot sell the same design in United Kingdom and china. They observe the peoples culture and make sure their product also observe the culture. The global market has made IKEA to be more successful by generating sales. The company has invested on research and they research a certain market before they market their products. Offering after sales services has boosted the company sales and made loyal customers Pride and Ferrell (2017). The company has maintained low prices which is hard for other rival companies to keep track. The company focus on generating more sales in the market. The company focus on expanding their market share .Most rival companies have maintained higher prices of which the IKEA still dominate the market. Their design, functionality of the product is always of high quality giving the consumer the value of their money. The concentrate on providing high quality services at a cheaper prices. IKEA has maintained unique products and made sure they provide quality services at a cheaper prices Gerber (2015) . References Kurtz, D. L. (2012). Boone Kurtz contemporary marketing. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning pp 23. Gerber, S. (2015). ways of gathering meaningful data about your customers. Pride, W. M., Ferrell, O. C. (2017). Foundations of marketing. Stamford, Conn: Cengage learning pp 12. Good small business guide 2013: How to start and grow your own business. (2013). London: A. C. Black.

Marvin Hugley Jr Essays (237 words) - Video, Megabyte, 4K Resolution

Marvin Hugley Jr Problem 1 (200 points). Determine the file size in kilobytes of a 400 X 600 image with a color depth of 24 bits. What is the size of the same file as a black and white image? 400x600x24/8/1024=703.1 400x600x1/24/1024=9.76 Determine the file size in megabytes of a 3-minute audio file that was sampled at 32 KHz, having a bit depth of 8 bits and was recorded in stereo. 3x60x32000x8/1024/1024=43.94 Determine the file size in gigabytes of a video clip in 4K (specifically, the UW4K standard), color depth of 24 bits, frame rate of 60 fps (frames per second), and a 2 hour duration. In all of the above, assume no compression was used. 3840x2160x60x120/24/1024/1024/1024=2.31 Problem 2 (100 points). Explain through the use of a detailed pictorial example the way spatial compression takes advantage of similarities in color to further compress an image. Spatial take advantage of color by only storing the color and number once. So if you have 10 reds instead of you storing red 10 times you only have to store the 10 once and the red once instead of storing it 10 times. Problem 3 (100 points). Given four video clips in PAL, NTSC, Theater, and 4K formats and a timebase of 60 fps, devise frame rate conversions to unify the frame rates of all movies into the frame rate of the timebase. Provide examples of frame duplication for each movie

How to Speak English

How to Speak English Most English learning boils down to the question of how to speak English. There are other goals as well, but learning how to speak English will help you communicate with others, and lead to better test scores on the TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, Cambridge and other exams. In order to know how to speak English, you need to have a plan. This guide on how to speak English provides an outline that you can follow to learn to speak English. If you already speak English, this guide will help you more quickly improve your English speaking skills. Difficulty Average Time Required From Six Months to Three Years Heres How Discover Which Type Of English Learner You Are When learning how to speak English you first need to find out what type of English learner you are. Ask yourself questions such as Why do I want to speak English? Do I need to speak English for my job? Do I want to speak English for travel and hobbies, or do I have something more serious in mind? Here is an excellent worksheet What Type of English Learner? to help you find out. Understand Your Goals Once you know what type of English learner you are, you can begin to better understand your goals. Once you know your goals, youll better understand what you need to do to speak English well. This is similar to understanding what type learner you are. Write down a list of the things you would like to do with your English. Would you like to speak English fluently in two years? Would you like to have enough English to travel and order food in a restaurant? Understanding exactly what you want to do with English will help you learn how to speak English because you will work towards your goals. Find Out Your Level Before you begin to learn how to speak English, youll need to know where to begin. Taking a level test can help you understand what level you are at and then you can start using resources appropriate for your level in order to learn how to speak English well. Of course, youll not only learn how to speak English, but also how to read, write and use English in a variety of settings. These quizzes will help you find your level. Start with the beginning level test and then move on. Stop when you get less than 60% and begin at that level. Beginning TestIntermediate TestAdvanced Test Decide On Learning Strategy Now that you understand your English learning goals, style and level its time to decide on an English learning strategy. The simple answer to the question of how to speak English is that you need to speak it as often as possible. Of course, its more difficult than that. Start off by deciding which type of learning strategy you will take. Do you want to study alone? Do you want to take a class? How much time do you have to dedicate to English study? How much are you willing to pay to learn to speak English? Answer these questions and you will understand your strategy. Put Together A Plan For Learning Grammar If you want to know how to speak English, youll also have to know how to use English grammar. Here are my five top tips on how to speak English with good grammar. Learn grammar from context. Do exercises that have you identify tenses and from within a short reading or listening selection. When learning how to speak English you need to use your muscles. Read your grammar exercises aloud which will help you learn to use correct grammar when speaking. Dont do too much grammar! Understanding grammar doesnt mean you speak. Balance grammar with other English learning tasks. Do ten minutes of grammar each day. Its better to only do a little every day than a lot once a week. Use self-study resources at this site. There are lots of grammar resources you can use here on the site to help you improve. Put Together A Plan For Learning Speaking Skills If you want to know how to speak English, youll have to have a plan for speaking English every day. Here are my top five tips to make sure you speak - not just study - English every day. Do all exercises using your voice. Grammar exercises, reading exercises, everything should be read aloud. Speak to yourself. Dont worry about someone hearing you. Speak out loud in English to yourself often. Choose a topic each day and speak for one minute about that topic. Use online exercises and speak in English using Skype or other programs. Heres some practice English speaking sheets to get you started. Make lots of mistakes! Dont worry about mistakes, make many and make them often. Put Together A Plan For Learning Vocabulary To make sure you know how to speak English about a wide range of topics youll need plenty of vocabulary. Here are some suggestions and resources to get you started. Make vocabulary trees. Vocabulary trees and other fun exercises can help you group vocabulary together for faster learning. Keep track of new vocabulary youve learned in a folder. Use visual dictionaries to help you learn more vocabulary faster. Choose to learn vocabulary about subjects you like. Theres no need to study vocabulary that doesnt interest you. Study a little bit of vocabulary every day. Try to learn just two or three new words / expressions every day. Put Together A Plan For Learning Reading / Writing If you want to learn how to speak English, you may not be too concerned with reading and writing. Still, its a good idea to learn how to read and write in English, as well as learn how to speak English. Remember to use your own native language reading skills. You dont need to understand every single word. Practice writing short texts on blogs or for comments at popular English learning web sites. People expect errors at these sites and youll feel very welcome. Read for pleasure in English. Choose a subject you like and read about it. Dont translate directly from your own language when writing. Keep it simple. Put Together A Plan For Learning Pronunciation Learning how to speak English also means learning how to pronounce English. Learn about the music of English and how it can help with English pronunciation skills. Find out about typical pronunciation mistakes people speaking your native tongue make. Consider using a pronunciation program to help you learn better pronunciation through practice. Get a dictionary that has good phonetic transcriptions to help you understand the sounds of English. Use your mouth! Speak out loud every day the more you practice the better your pronunciation will become. Create Opportunities To Speak English Using English as often as possible is the key to learning how to speak English well. Join English learning communities online to practice speaking English with others using video chatting software. Join local clubs that focus on speaking English, speak to tourists and give them a helping hand. If you have friends who are learning to speak English, set aside 30 minutes every day to speak English together. Be creative and create as many opportunities as possible to speak English. Tips Be patient with yourself. It takes a while to learn how to speak English well. Remember to give yourself time and treat yourself well.Do everything everyday, but only do ten to fifteen minutes of the more boring tasks. If you want to improve listening skills, just listen to the radio fifteen minutes rather than an hour. Do ten minutes of grammar exercises. Never do too much English. Its better to do just a little bit every day rather than a lot only twice a week.Make mistakes, make more mistakes and continue to make mistakes. The only way you will learn is by making mistakes, feel free to make them and make them often.Learn how to speak English about the things you like doing. If you enjoy speaking about the topic, it will be much easier for you to learn how to speak English well in a shorter amount of time. What You Need PatienceTimeWillingness to make mistakesFriends who can speak English with youBooks or internet resources in English

300 Movie

The film I chose to evaluate is the fantasy action film, â€Å"300. † 300 is a fictional retelling of the Battle of Thermopylae, in which the Greeks tried to hold off an invasion of the Persian Empire. The author’s message, from a leadership perspective, shows what a group of soldier would do for their king and how they inspire a country. A number of scenes from the film will depict that King Leonidas is a great leader with great conviction for what he believes in. Leonidas has many great leadership traits. Leonidas has all the traits a good leader needs. He has intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. Even though Leonidas has assigned leadership, he also has emergent leadership. He is appointed king only after he has been tested by the rigorous traditional Spartan initiations into adulthood. After being inspected at birth to see if he was worthy of being a Sparta, Leonidas was thrown into the wild at the age of 7 and left to survive. Leonidas came back alive to prove to his father, and his people that he is capable to be their king. As king, Leonidas command legitimate, coercive, and reward power like his counterpart, Xerxes of Persia. But Leonidas also has referent power that Xerxes does not. Leonidas’ soldiers liked him and would die for him. Xerces’ army was made up of slaves and beasts that fear for their lives. They are forced to fight, and when they fail, Xerxes becomes enraged and beheads them. Leonidas’ leadership style is both directive and supportive. He gave specific instructions on how to battle against the overwhelming Persian Army and he also engages in combat with his army. After a victory he praises his soldier for their bravery and courage. He respects and acknowledges each soldier’s effort in the battles. Leonidas has high task and high relationship behavior with his army. Leonidas faced many challenges throughout the movie. One example was in the beginning, when the Persian messenger came to Leonidas and gave him Xerxes’ ultimatum. He had a difficult decision to make. His decision would impact the whole nation. Should he give in to the Persian army or should he declare war? As he ponders his answer, he looked at his people, their children, and his wife. He thought about his Spartan heritage and values. Spartans don’t surrender or fear anything. Acting according to authentic leadership defined, he lead by kicking the Persian messenger into the well. His actions show his people that he would not let anyone invade the empire, no matter the opposition. He showed them that his leadership is genuine and he would not coward even if he is greatly outmatched. Leonidas is a perfect leader for the situations in the film. In battle, a leader must have authoritative powers. He must have loyalty and attraction of his soldiers. He must also have highly structured strategic plans for his soldiers. The phalanx formation the Spartans use requires the soldiers to fight as one to be strong. The contingency theory of leadership would define Leonidas as being in a very favorable situation. In a favorable situation, the leader and followers will be effective. As seen through most of the film, Leonidas and his soldiers were victorious in all their battles until they were out flanked by the Persians at the end. Leonidas has good dyadic relationships with his men. He and his Captain, Artemis fought alongside each other when they were young. He also develops mutual trust and respect from Artemis and his soldiers, how could he of convince the 300 men to fight the whole Persian army. He knows that each man is a soldier and that they have heirs at home. They are also proud to fight alongside Leonidas. He doesn’t enlist them and take them to war. It is evident when he met up with the Arcadians. When the Arcadian General, Daxos ridicule Leonidas about how few men he brought to the war front, Leonidas asked three Arcadians for their profession. They responded with Potter, Sculptor, and Blacksmith. Leonidas then turns to his soldiers and asked them. They responded with supporting and confident grunts of courage for their leader. According to the Leader-Member Exchange Theory, leadership is a process that is centered on interactions between the leader and his followers. By having high-quality leader-member exchanges with his men, Leonidas is able to have positive performances and commitment from his men and be victorious in the battles. Leonidas was also able to lead through transformational leadership. Transformational leadership brings about positive change to the leader and to those who follow. Leonidas headed into an unfavorable war courageously so that his people may remain free. After multiple attacks on the Spartans had fail, Xerxes call for an audience with Leonidas. He offered Leonidas royalties if he put down his arms and be Xerxes’ general. But Leonidas thought of his people and his kingdom. His people would have to serve the Persians and if he surrendered, how could he answer to his ancestors. By surrendering he would not be a true Spartan. Leonidas kept his honor and brushed off Xerxes. He thought about his followers before himself. By doing this, even in death Leonidas was able to inspire and stimulate the Greek country to collaborate and fend off the Persian Invasion. In conclusion, Leonidas is a good leader as depicted in the film. He has a broad range of leadership skills and traits, but I believe Leonidas is best at leading with transformational leadership. His charisma strongly warrants him to lead through transformational leadership and given the situations of the film, Leonidas is best to use transformational leadership. Also, the message the film entitles is that one great man or nation can inspire a whole country to stand as one and unite towards a common goal.

Airlines fault because of safety violations Research Paper

Airlines fault because of safety violations - Research Paper Example Such factors include safety violation. According to Pollock, (2009) the regulatory body (FAA) has for much times fined many of airlines due to the safety violation. The highest fine ever to be charged by Federal Aviation Administration is $ 10.2 million. The latest incidence that attracted the fine action of FAA involved a Texas-based airline. In the report of year 2012 of FAA, the airline delayed repair of its two MD-80. Such delays posed a safety compromise to the passengers. The Texas-based airline operated with this fault for 58 times in violation of safety and the Federation regulation. According with the FFA, (2010) report, the airline was taxed $ 7.1 million. According with the regulation and policies of FAA, negligence in maintaining the airline with knowledge constitutes a breach of safety regulation. The Texas-based airline had deliberately postponed the maintenance of the airline. By postponing, the service providers were intentionally putting the life of passengers at risk. The report established that the management was aware of the several autopilot problems yet they continued to defer the maintenance. The rules and regulation of FAA were enacted following the injury and death caused by airlines. According to FFA, (2010) most of the faults leads to very fatal accident that claimed life of many citizens. In a research done by Pollock, (2009) most airlines in most cases defer maintenance of the airline in the festive seasons such Christmas where there is a lot of travelling. One example given in the research is MD-80 affiliated to Texas-based airline. In the busy Christmas travel season, the autopilot disconnected many times posing a threat on the passenger traveling. It has been established that most a time is due to negligence and drive to make money in the peak season. For this case, the airline was charged a fine of $ 8 million. More

Health and Human Services on Teen Pregnancy Research Paper - 1

Health and Human Services on Teen Pregnancy - Research Paper Example The HHS has addressed this problem through a number of mandates and programs such as comprehensive sex educations, health care, and researchers. Several programs have been greatly effective in lessening the statistics. With more collaboration and resources, future plans will extensively assuage teen pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is one of the serious challenges that the society has been facing for a number of years. Statistics have shown the veracity of this social issue. Contributory factors range from countless general elements such as culture and poverty to particulars like personal viewpoints and attitude on relationships. To tackle the crisis, Health and Human Services (HHS) have encouraged and implemented programs. Different kinds of strategies have been utilized by a variety of organizations in diverse areas. This paper specifically delves into the matter of teen pregnancy and how the HHS has intervened regarding this problem. Particularly, the following discussions cite how teenage pregnancy has affected the public over time. Certain facts on its history and some alterations of the problem will be mentioned. Furthermore, the various development programs to address the said crisis are mainly considered. Especially, HHS’ strategies will discourse. An example of a best practice will be highlighted. This will be a kind of an approach that is quite efficient in coming up with positive results. This entails plans that seek to work with the target population which considers their peculiarity and lifestyle. Evident effects of changes in the legislation will be looked into. The improvement of the situation as a result of the mandates testify to the significance of the approaches supported by the said laws. The rulings’ competence with diverse populations is likewise noteworthy. Some laws are only particular in certain situations but are not that applicable in other kinds of contexts.

Sustainable agriculture Essay Example for Free

Sustainable agriculture Essay Specific purpose: Organic food advocates claim that organically grown foods are safer and more nutritious than foods raised with non-organic methods such as pesticide and non-organic fertilizer use, or antibiotic and hormone use. Thesis statement: Many people just dont trust these chemicals and dont want to put them into their bodies. Since virtually all non-organically produced foods contain residues of pesticides, fertilizers and other chemicals, the only way to avoid them is to buy organic foods. Introduction Organic foods are grown without using most conventional pesticides and fertilizers. A product that is identified as being organic is not produced by genetic engineering. Ionizing radiation and sewage sludge cannot be used in organic production or handling. Organic farming practices include soil and water conservation measures. Crop rotation, manure, and compost are used to improve the soil in place of using conventional fertilizers. Instead of using commercial insecticides or herbicides, organic farmers might use companion planting to discourage insects and mulch and hand weeding to control weeds. To be certified as organic, food products need to come from farms and processing plants that are certified as organic. This means that they are inspected by certified government officials to ensure that organic farms are up to USDA organic standards. The USDA is responsible for the organic labeling program and allows one of three possible labels: Products labeled â€Å"100 percent organic† must contain only organically produced ingredients. Products labeled â€Å"organic† must have at least 95 percent of their ingredients organically produced. Products labeled â€Å"made with organic ingredients† must contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients. Products that contain less than 70 percent organic ingredients can list individual ingredients as organic but cannot say that the product is organic. Need Not cheaper: Expect to pay more for organic food, since it requires more labor to bring to market. Not local: Organic produce can come from miles away, and may require lots of energy to transport. Not clean: You should still wash organic produce to remove dirt and bacteria, and take all normal food-handling precautions when preparing organic meats and other foods. Satisfaction Organics Are Good for Your Babys Body A variety of wholesome, nutritious foods is what your baby needs to develop in both body and mind. Chemicals, in the form of added artificial flavorings, dyes, pesticide and herbicide residues, and hydrogenated fats, do nothing to promote good health, and can even detract from it. Organically grown and produced food is free of these chemicals, leaving only the good taste and nutrition that nature intended. Babies and children who are fed an organic diet are not overexposed to antibiotic residue in their food, either. Animals are healthier when farmed organically, because they have adequate access to fresh air, appropriate diet, and outdoor space. Therefore, the need for antibiotic overuse is eliminated. (According to USDA rules, organic meat must be antibiotic-free. ) Organics Are Better for the Planet Taking care of the world that your baby will inherit is also good parenting. Organic farming is based on keeping the soil healthy through natural means like rotating crops, letting fields lie fallow, and using natural fertilizing methods rather than spraying on toxic pesticides and herbicides that can run off into water supplies and contaminate the soil. Visualization Action How to Create a Healthy Organic Table As with most everything, in feeding your family variety is the spice of life. Serving seasonal produce in a variety of colors with a wide range of whole grains and protein sources ensures that your family receives the full spectrum of nutrients that bodies need to function at their best. These recommendations Eating a variety of fruits, vegetables, and legumes in a variety of colors Eating a variety of whole-grain products Consuming low-fat or fat-free dairy products or equivalent milk products Limiting added sugar, salt, and saturated fat, and avoiding trans fats Work cited National Organic Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Organic Foods Standards and Labels: The Facts Updated: January 2007. Magkos F, Arvaniti F, Zampelas A. Organic food: buying more safety or just peace of mind? A critical review of the literature. 1: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46(1):23-56. Colborn, T. A Case for Revisiting the Safety of Pesticides: A Closer Look at Neurodevelopment. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 January; 114(1):10-17. Magkos F, Arvaniti F, Zampelas A. Organic food: nutritious food or food for thought? A review of the evidence. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003 Sep;54(5):357-71. Kopke U. Organic foods: do they have a role? Forum Nutr. 2005;(57):62-72.

Gallup Poles :: essays research papers

In 1935 a man named George Gallup of Jefferson, Iowa founded and became director of the American Institute for Public Opinion. He is best know for his Gallup Poles which till this day serve as the most respected public opinion surveys on politics. Before all major elections in this country Gallup Poles are conducted to get a firm sense of who is voting for which candidate and often why. Now with out any question the poles themselves are a great tool for politicians in order to gauge where and how hard they need to campaign. In addition it also provides many Americans with a good perspective of how the nation thinks and where they’re beliefs fall in relation to. Those are too benefits to the Gallup Pole, now the question remains, is the government too responsive to public opinion and do polls drive the agenda? However I think it’s a better question to ask if the government can be â€Å"too responsive† to public opinion and if it is bad if polls drive the agenda? First and foremost I believe that the only possible arguments against poles are that 1) they sometimes discourage voters and 2) they may have a little too much impact on the agenda. I believe one small reason for low voter turnout is because due to polls people feel as though they know who is going to win before the elections and don’t feel as though there vote would make a difference. But for the most part polls help out this country as long as their figures are true. We do live in a country ruled by the people and if the poles reflect the will of the people than I don’t see why politicians shouldn’t refer to them. It also makes politicians and their employees take stock of their stances on issues and their relationship with certain groups. For example if a republican woman running for Senator of New Jersey and she sees a pole stating that the majority of Asians don’t support her, she will try to figure out why that is and she will try to remedy the situ ation. Poles open some politicians eyes to some issues they may not know exist. For example say that woman found out that in past years the New Jersey republican party has not even addressed problems brought up by the Asian society and has totally ignored them.

Forces Leading to the War of 1812

The war of 1812, supposedly fought over neutral trading rights, was a very peculiar conflict indeed. Britain's trade restrictions, one of the main causes, were removed two days before the war started; the New Englanders, for whom the war was supposedly fought, opposed it; the most decisive battle, at New Orleans, was fought after the war ended.Before the war began, Britain and France had disrupted US shipping, confiscated American goods, taking US seamen into the British navy, and both sides had blockaded each other's ports which caused great annoyance to American traders, and Britain's abduction of American sailors especially caused great uproar and indignation at home. These forces led Americans to declare war on Britain in 1812. When the war began, it was being fought by the Americans to address their grievances toward the British.This seemed like a justifiable cause for a war, however not all of the citizens shared the same sense of unity about the political issues the war was be ing fought over. The US was quite upset about the continuing impressments of American sailors into the British Navy and the seizures of American merchant trading vessels by the British. In a committee report in 1811, congressmen address their complaints against Britain. The British defied an â€Å"incontestable right†, and they captured â€Å"every American vessel† that they could find.In response to these intolerable actions, The president of the United States wishes to declare war against Great Britain. A group of congressman known as the War Hawks desperately desired going to war. One of these â€Å"War Hawks,† John C. Calhoun, agrees with the committee’s report, by saying â€Å"these rights are essentially attacked, and war is the only means of redress. † Hugh Nelson, congressman from Virginia, believed that the war was inevitable and that it would bring the American people together. He stated, â€Å"to demonstrate to the world†¦ hat the people of these state were united, one and indivisible. † This quote demonstrates his thoughts that if the United States were to unite in a strong fashion, it would indeed â€Å"repel all foreign aggression. † President Madison’s Declaration of War coincided directly with the report and the writings of the War Hawks, in that it explained itself by stating, â€Å"We behold our seafaring citizens still the daily victims of lawless violence†¦ We behold our vessels†¦ wrested from their lawful destinations. † In the War of 1812, many groups had apprehensions to the war at hand.Some, like the War Hawks, used the plight of the New England maritime traders as an excuse to go to war. In reality though, New England was doing better off before the war, because during which it became increasingly difficult to ship goods across the Atlantic and it was impossible to trade with Great Britain. John Randolph, a Representative from Virginia, even went as far as to say that â€Å"maritime rights† had no say in influencing the war. He believed that â€Å"agrarian cupidity† was the true influence that urged the war.By that, Randolph means that men are looking to take the fertile lands of British Canada for themselves, considering that the northern mountains did them no good. When observing the votes for war in the House of Representatives, one might notice a peculiar detail. The agrarian regions of the United states, which includes the Western Frontier, The South and The Agricultural Mid-Atlantic States, have many more yes votes than no votes. Whereas in New England, and the Maritime and Commercial Mid-Atlantic States, the no votes heavily outweighed the yes ones.The Jeffersonians claim that they want war to fight for the â€Å"maritime rights† and yet the Maritime and Commercial States stand out with a majority of no votes. Not a single Federalist voted yes for the congressional vote for war, while a large majority of Demo cratic-Republicans voted yes for war. Most of these Federalists were also ironically located in New England, but most of the Democratic-Republicans were located in the South and the West. Before the War of 1812, If Americans had been able to put aside their regional selfishness and differences, a declaration of war may not have even been required in the first place.Forces such as disrupted shipping, confiscated goods, and abduction of sailors could have been negotiated over with Great Britain. The United States lacked the unity, discipline, and strength to challenge the British and ended up paying dearly for the declaration of war against them. It is evident in the representatives’ voting that New England and other Maritime regions were against the war. This may suggest that the idea for war was prompted by Democratic-Republicans like the War Hawks, whose motives may have been questionable as mentioned by Randolph.

Canadian Trade History Essay

It is due not later than Sunday March 3, at 6:00pm, submitted to Moodle You need to use at least 3 sources: your textbook, your class notes and 1 other source of your choice. Sources need to be cited properly. Your essay must cover all periods of trade: pre-European contact, early contact/colonial, late colonial, American-dominated, international. In each period, include what was traded, by whom, and for later periods, in what amounts ($). Papers should be written in proper essay style, with SHORT introductions and conclusions. Stick to the facts, as you space limit does not allow for much extra. The Canadian traded history. The trade is beginning with the neighbors, traded with the same value of the animals, good and the food you want. And in that time the money still no exists yet, thus neighbors and villages are trade with other things, this is the trading started. And it grew bigger and bigger to city trade with the city country trade with country, and crossing domain trading with country. Such as European trading good and slaves in China around 800 B. C. and there is not much people try to crossing the domain with the trade, because it is dangerous and took long time to get to other countries. Until the sail technique and been used for 1000 years. In1497, just five years after Columbus landed in the Caribbean John Cabot (Giovanni Cabotto), an Italian whose ships were financed by England’s King Henry VII, landed on the shores of Newfoundland, off the east coast of North America. And this is how Canadian trade history start. The national people were the first arrive in the North America live in the good social, health lives, hunting animals, trading with different tribes. But everything was changed after the EU came in with metal weapons, guns, food, and more and more. And the Indian changed their lives to better hunting and cutting fur and feather skills. But after the war, the national people gone to the north part of the NA, and their live is not better then any one else. Cold weather, sickness, war, and food are taking their life away. Only the EU took control over of NA after 1400. And the US and Canada become the colony of UK, trading making business around the world, and Canada are the biggest trading partner in that time. Few years after the Canada and UK had the war with US because US wants to be independent on their own, but uk don’t want them to be so because they still want to control the US and Canada. Thus the Trading is stopped and war. After the war trading start again. In that time the New York is the biggest trading city market in the NA. lots of Canadian are traded in New York, goods, foods , weapons and so on. And because the war Canadian are hate and anger about the American but we are the biggest traded partner in NA, so we are kind the anger about them, but we can’t live without them on the trade and business county. Until now the US still is the biggest trading partner in the NA.

The Just War Theory

The Just War Theory Just war theory is the most prominent standpoint on peace and war ethics. The theory deals with the right to resort to war and proper conduct of war. This policy equips international policy makers with accurate criteria to use to allow them evaluate the morality of interventions of specific arms of the military.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Just War Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Criteria like just means, fair treatment of wounded and captives and just cause are the standpoint of the theory. The theory determines whether it is just to suffer because of war. Interstate wars began back then in historical periods and they still exist today though the causes and the methods have changed with time[1]. Some examples of military interstate wars include Persian Gulf War and the Libyan War in which the United States participated. This essay highlights the Persian Gulf War and the Libyan Wars which the United S tates participated and it evaluates whether they were conducted for justness. Persian Gulf War The Persian Gulf War was waged by United Nations and it was endorsed by alliance force from 34countries led mainly by the U.S. to fight Iraq for invading and annexing Kuwait. The Iraqi troops had invaded Kuwait at the beginning of 1990 and this action was condemned by international nations. The U.N. Security Council immediately declared economic sanctions on Iraq. U.S. forces were then deployed in Saudi Arabia to prevent them from conducting more harm. The U.S. urged other nations to send their armed forces to Iraq to help in the war. The U.S led intervention made Iraq, in part of the peace terms, accepted to recognize the sovereignty of the Kuwait republic. Kuwait also became less prone to Iraq invasion as Iraq had been ordered to get rid of its weapons of mass destruction. The no fly zone imposed over Iraq for a while ensured peace and stability in the region. The United Nation invasion to fight the Iraq people was of significance; it offered a platform for Kuwait to reconstruct and develop its economy without the fear of invasion from Iraq[2]. This therefore means that the war was conducted for justness.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Libyan war Following the Arab uprising, especially in Egypt and Tunisia, Libya was soon too caught up in the war wave. In the wave of the uprising, rebels organized attacks against Gadhafi’s government troops. In retaliation, Gadhafi responded by using military force on the opposition. The amount of force used was too excessive in that civilian casualties were witnessed in large numbers. As a result the United Nations Security Council voted to impose a no fly zone over Libyan airspace. The Libyan rebels could not fight the Gadhafi’s troops alone and the United States and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces were to help in the ousting of Muammar Gadhafi[3]. The U.S.A provided intelligence and technical assistance to the NATO forces. At the end of the operation, Muammar Gadhafi was ousted and executed, and that marked the end of his reign in Libya. There was a sense of ‘freedom’ among Libyan citizens. It had brought an end to the bloodshed and violence that had rocked the nation. This was another instance where U.S.A had gone to war and the outcome was positive. Bibliography Brough, Michael. Rethinking the Just War Tradition. New York: SUNY Press, 2007. Freedman, Lawrence. Karsh, Ephraim. The Gulf Conflict: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order. New York: Scribners, 2007. Ronald, Bruce. Libya  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Continuity and Change. New York: Routledge, 2011. Footnotes Michael, Brough. Rethinking the Just War Tradition. (New York: SUNY Press, 2007), 102. Lawrence, Freedman. Ephraim, Karsh. The Gulf Conflict: Diplomacy and War in the New World Orde r, 1990–1991. (New York: Scribners, 2007), 110. Bruce, Ronald. Libya  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Continuity and Change. (New York: Routledge, 2011), 122.

Research method critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research method critique - Essay Example Qualitative as well as quantitative research methodologies are regarded as two distinct approaches that need to interpret differently. In this regard, qualitative research is defined as an approach of exploring various issues, analysing facts, comprehending phenomena and responding to any question. Conversely, quantitative research is based on collecting data by undergoing through numerous statistical reports and other relevant data (Creswell, 2013). According to Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Conduct 2015, nursing research is regarded as the approach of enhancing public protection by ensuring the nurses as well as the midwives to remain fit into the practice in their respective careers. Specially mentioning, the importance of evidence-based practice with reference to NMC Code of Conduct 2015 lay in offering quality treatments as well as care to the patients by accessing valuable information and also considering past evidences or records regarding the above stated context (Nursing Times, 2014). The elements relating to robustness of the research fundamentally entail statement of the phenomenon, literature review, theoretical framework and ethical considerations among others (Ryan & et. al., 2007). Research work in medical field is executed from long course of time. The research work conducted by Lee (2013) focused upon generating greater level of awareness about good hygiene practices amid the nursing students. The research highlighted hands’ decontamination and usage of gloves as the better prevention measure for cross infection (Gray & et. al., 2013). The research work of Lee (2013) reveals about the decision-making procedure, which is used to evaluate the risks involved with nurses and other medical practitioners. Another aspect of Lee’s research is identified to make decisions as to when, where and how infections could be prevented by the nurses

Monoclonal antibodies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Monoclonal antibodies - Essay Example The fusion of myeloma cells together with mammalian spleen cells results to a hybrid cells that produces a high amount of the monoclonal antibodies. Out of this experiment, two types of cells are produced. One has the potential to grow continuously while the other has the ability to produce large amounts of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are works better than convectional drugs since the antibody specifically targets the antigen and does not have negative health effects like the conventional drugs, which causes side effects after being used (Hsu, 1990, 34). If the amount of monoclonal antibodies becomes excess in the blood, it means that there is the presence of abnormal protein in the blood.   Screening of blood helps to identify these proteins through a process called protein electrophoresis. The plasma cells in the bone marrow are the main source of the production of monoclonal antibody abnormally.Monoclonal antibodies production  Hybridoma produces the monoclona l antibodies. Hybridoma cells can be made through fusing two cells so that the characteristics of two cells can be combined into one cell. One of the two cells should be myeloma, which is the tumor cell while the other should be the antibody-producing cell. The hybridoma produced in the laboratory has the ability to replicate faster than the normal cells that produces antibodies (Newcombe, 2007, 23). One common way in which the immune system of the humans fights diseases or presence.... pecifically targets the antigen and does not have negative health effects like the conventional drugs, which causes side effects after being used (Hsu, 1990, 34). If the amount of monoclonal antibodies becomes excess in the blood, it means that there is the presence of abnormal protein in the blood. Screening of blood helps to identify these proteins through a process called protein electrophoresis. The plasma cells in the bone marrow are the main source of the production of monoclonal antibody abnormally. Monoclonal antibodies production Hybridoma produces the monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma cells can be made through fusing two cells so that the characteristics of two cells can be combined into one cell. One of the two cells should be myeloma, which is the tumor cell while the other should be the antibody-producing cell. The hybridoma produced in the laboratory has the ability to replicate faster than the normal cells that produces antibodies (Newcombe, 2007, 23). On the other hand , the tumor cells have potential to grow endlessly and at a higher rate than the normal cells. A specific monoclonal antibody that is originally produced by the B-lymphocyte is manufactured by the hybridoma cells. One common way in which the immune system of the humans fights diseases or presence of an antigen is through the production of large amounts of antibodies (Birch, Lennox, 2000, 30). These antibodies keep circulating throughout the body until they come across an antigen, which they will attach themselves on. As soon as they attach themselves, they alert the rest of the immune system to produce many of the antibodies to fight the specific antigen found. Monoclonal antibody can be produced in the laboratory and its effectiveness carries a higher percentage since it is designed for a

Minimum Legal Drinking Age Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Minimum Legal Drinking Age Debate - Essay Example They are therefore at a higher risk of harming or even killing themselves and other people by engaging in drinking before age 21. In this paper, I will be arguing that MLDA21 has been effective and therefore should be maintained. Minimum Legal Drinking Age is a controversial topic in the United States. The MLDA in the United States is set at the age of 21 whereas 90 percent of the countries around the world have set lower MLDAs. Interestingly young adults in the countries that have lower MLDA seem to consume alcohol in a more proper way while binge drinking and alcohol poisoning continue to present as serious issues in America. This phenomenon has raised a growing public concern with groups like Choose Responsibility beginning to call for lowering of the MLDA to 18. On the counter argument is Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) who proposed the MLDA 21 in 1984 back with the federal government’s support. The original purpose of setting MLDA at the age 21 was to curb the rise drunk driving presented which was a serious issue at the time. There are more hidden benefits of this law that have been realized along the way of its implementation. MLDA 21 has been effective in preventing not only drunk driving but also reducing the spread of drug use to lower age groups and thus lowering the MLDA may cause spillover effects through the introduction of alcohol-related issues to younger populations. In July 2008, more than one hundred university and college presidents signed the Amethyst Initiative, calling for public debates and reconsideration of the Minimum Legal Drinking Age. As a voice of those who demand to lower the MLDA continued to get louder and louder, Jeffrey A. Miron, a senior lecturer of Harvard University, wrote an article on Forbes discussing the background factors.  

Study case (Information Resources Management) Essay - 5

Study case (Information Resources Management) - Essay Example The two should start with a baseline understanding of all the items of IT that the company spends its money. After identification, they should focus on helping the company develop strategies that will help focus on the highest value spending from the standpoint of supporting the business units (Rabin 202). The process will involve an understanding of the IT’s contribution to the business units that posed as intermittent and contentious in the past. They should aim at creating a process to start a dialogue between IT and the business units. The CIO should ask the consultant to help him in analysis of the portfolio and budgeting, provision of discipline and structure that enables him to sort through and get to the business cases for IT spending (Law 307). The CIO should develop insights that will enable the business leaders and the IT management to put up processes that will lead to IT priority agreements. It will also enable the process of creation of a detailed, pragmatic and dynamic view of key IT initiatives and objectives (Rabin 203). The CIO should initiate strategies that will lead to development of clear, business-focused, and flexible action plans. The CIO and the IT experts should device ways that will educate the business-unit leaders as to how IT could be directly integrated into their business plans and become a key enabler to achieve results. Apart from reviewing the effectiveness of the company’s global IT budget, the CIO should also consider the elements of the strategic plan and device ways to ef fectively implement the resolutions (Rabin 204). One of the executive level decisions that can be made in order to influence the directions of the company is developing a CIO authority and pulling the CEO to support the authority based on consultant documentation (Law 309). Decision-making is the core of all business activities. The executives should set strategies and weigh a variety of factors to arrive at the desired balance of risk

Christianity And Buddhism | Comparison

Christianity And Buddhism | Comparison The homogeneity in religious beliefs is characteristic of most societies in the entire world. This paper critically examines and explores the advent of Buddhism and its comparison with Christianity. It intends to explore these two forms of religion by discussing some of their fundamental beliefs and practices and their aspects that are incompatible. The outline of these differences should therefore enable one to distinguish Christianity from Buddhism. The practices and principles of Buddhism are founded on such virtues as peacefulness, loving kindness and wisdom. Among the fundamental Buddhists beliefs is their conviction and belief that a happy life full of fortunes is actually possible to attain by all humanity irrespective of ones age, race, gender or social status (Netland Yandell, 2009). However, the fundamental beliefs in Christianity are purely founded on ones faith in the Messiah and ones conviction in Him as the savior. A happy life is purely the reserve of those who walk in the ways of righteousness and holiness. Fortune is not existent according to the biblical principles. The only fortunate people are those whose names have been written in the book of life having overcome the world of sin by believing in the only son of God, Christ the Messiah. Thus, in Christianity a happy life is considered a blessing from God that one enjoys when he/she lives a righteous life. Thus in this, Christianity remains incompatible with Bud dhism (Netland Yandell, 2009). A close examination of some of the fundamental differences between Christianity and Buddhism revels that whereas Buddhism is founded on the principles of coolness and tolerance and that there exists certain truths in Buddhist doctrines, it is not compatible with the truths enshrined in Christianity (Archibald, 2009). The Buddhists do not believe in the existence of the almighty God. Therefore they do not have any discussions about rewards and punishments on the judgment day. However, Christianity and even contemporary science assert that there is actually one almighty God the creator of the heavens and the earth. According to Christianity, the God who created everything has absolute authority to administer justice to all people because he is a just God. Therefore, god punishes all injustice and sin because He is righteous and holy. Punishment and reward that is not outlined in Buddhism exists in Christianity and these are associated with judgment and accountability for ones sins (Net land Yandell, 2009). Buddhism is basically a religion that is not practiced in the context of faith and loyalty to a supernatural being. It is based on deeds that help to lighten suffering so that one can attain a state of enlightenment. Buddhism is thus founded on faith where creation and not the creator are worshiped (Archibald, 2009). The cycle of re-birth outlined in the teachings of Buddhism lacks evidence and is the cause of a shifted attention towards creation. Contrary to this, Christianity believes that man is not out rightly good but is born a sinner and therefore needs to be saved. Whereas Buddhists believe that one can save himself, Christianity refutes this on the basis that one can never save himself. According to Netland Yandell, (2009) salvation is only receive through Christ the messiah through the divinely given grace who reconciles all that have received him back to the father, who is the creator. Because Buddhism does not recognize sin, the concept of the savior is conspicuously lacking. Even though those practicing Buddhism seek refuge from Buddha, they do not believe that such refuge in Buddha makes one pure (Archibald, 2009). In Christianity however, the only way to salvation and for purification is through believing Jesus and accepting Him in ones life for eternal life. The relationship that exists between Buddha and the followers of Buddhism can be likened to that of a student and a teacher. This implies that Buddha is thus not an incarnation of God as some Hindu followers assert, but in Christianity, Jesus is the incarnation of God Himself (Netland Yandell, 2009). Therefore while Buddhists try to purify themselves through meditations, giving up of worldly materials, Christianity maintains that all these can never make one right or save one (Netland Yandell, 2009). In the discussion of the destiny man, it is widely believed in Buddhism that upon death, one will later come back to live as another human being on earth. Archibald, (2009) cites that this cycle of birth and re-birth thus continue until one is eventually set free. In Christianity it is believed predestined that one dies physically once and after this death comes judgment. After judgment has been passed there is life after death. Them that overcome judgment shall resurrect and the spirit and the body shall then re-join. In this there seem to be some compatibility between the two religions. However, in Christianity the conditions of life after death are wholly based on once ability to maintain and lead a holy and righteous life. Such predisposition lacks in Buddhism. Wickedness thus leads to everlasting punishment and indignation. Buddhists devotedly worship their gods although none of these gods is a true god. Christianity on its part however, has a different understanding God. So whereas Buddhism is polytheistic, Christianity believes in one sole supreme God (Netland Yandell, 2009). Buddhists believe that they can attain the same level as Buddha once they reach a state of enlightenment. It is conspicuously clear that the beliefs and practices of Buddhism are full of pessimism while Christianity is founded on the principles of optimism. While Buddhists consider life as full of distress Christianity is always optimistic and devotes itself to the service of humanity. The more one serves in faithfulness the more one glorifies God and thus gains access to the blessings of God. The incompatibility between Christianity and Buddhism is further postulated in the beliefs and practices about food and eating. On this the doctrines of Buddhism appear to be too strict while Christianity is more liberal (Netland Yandell, 2009). In Buddhism, one is strictly required to be a vegetarian. Christianity presents all types of food as having been sanctified and fit for human consumption. Eating of chicken or eggs is believed to have the power to make one behave like a chicken. Further, eating of such creatures is considered to make one subject to retribution in the life to come. In this therefore Christianity appears superior to Buddhism as it gives one liberty to use all the creations for his needs (Archibald, 2009). In fact man was given complete authority and dominion over all the creation in the beginning of Gods creation. While these two religions appear incompatible in many ways, there are certain aspects of both Christianity and Buddhism that seem to be consistent. Most religions world over including Christianity and Buddhism has the ethic of reciprocity. This principle seems to be governing authority on interpersonal relationships. It defines how one should treat one another (Archibald, 2009). For example, Christianity is based on the golden rule that dictates that one should do unto others what he would wish to be done to him/her. Morality as a theme appears conspicuous on both Christianity and Buddhism. The only difference and probably where Christianity is doing better than Buddhism is the fact that in Christianity morality is enforced by the requirements for eternity. Moral decadence in Christianity thus leads to judgment and punishment on the last day while this is not conditioned in Buddhism. Enforcement and adherence to the conditions of morality is thus strict when compared to Buddhism (Net land Yandell, 2009). When the two accounts are compared it is apparent beyond any reasonable doubt that Christianity clearly gives a detailed and unambiguous account of God and the creation. Such an account has even been proved by modern science (Netland Yandell, 2009). Christianity postulates that there exists one true and supreme God who created everything in existence. Buddhists however, do not believe in the existence of one God but rather worship many gods. Christianity is founded on Biblical principles that are more comprehensive than Buddhism (Archibald, 2009).Thus there are far reaching reasons as to why one should consider Christianity than Buddhism. Whereas both religions are centered behind some historical figures; Jesus and Buddha, only Jesus is presented to have conquered death (Netland Yandell, 2009). Discussions of cycles of birth and re-birth thus lose ground in Buddhism because the central figure did not conquer death but is an image. It is only through Christ that one is cleansed of sin and purified. Good deeds wealth as presented in Buddhism does not make one right with God. In Buddhism, atonement of sin is believed to come when one adheres to karma that is impersonal and amoral. Thus whether one sins or remains righteous karma is not offended because karma is not a person. Only God reconciles one to Himself through the blood of Jesus who was crucified for the atonement of sins of those who believe in Him. The way to eternal life is to believe in Jesus for the forgiveness of sins and not being morally upright (Archibald, 2009). Conclusively, Buddhism and Christianity are two distinct religions with beliefs that are peculiar to each other. Generally the beliefs and practices in Christianity are informed and treasured because compliance to the doctrines makes one right with God. Furhther, the principles of Christianity are supported and easy to explore and follow contrary to those in Buddhism.

The Selfish Gene Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

The Selfish Gene "We are survival machines—robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve selfish molecules known as genes." -- Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (1). Can genes alone determine your DNA's place in the next generation? Are humans simply vessels for these genes? With his provoking work entitled The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins attempts to answer such questions as he proposes a shift in the evolutionary paradigm. Working through the metaphor of a "selfish gene", Dawkins constructs an evolutionary model using a gene as the fundamental unit of selection, opposed to the more commonly accepted belief of the species as the unit of selection. This "selfish gene", possessing a certain selfish emotional nature, acts as an independent entity fighting to ensure its replication in future generations, maximizing its number of descendents (2). Those successful in replicating have made the most of their given environment (1). For the interests of this paper, is it valid to assume that natural selection occurs at the level of DNA? Hence, what can be implied about genetic predispositions? For Dawkins, evolution of a species is dependent upon the transmittance of this information to the next generation; the individual species is irrelevant (2). This theory is a departure from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which concentrates on the species. Species, to Dawkins, are "survival machines" whose purpose is to host these genes, as species are mortals and fleeting, whereas genes are not (2). Is it valid to assume Dawkins position that humans are merely "robot vehicles"? This concept, alienating emotion, physical, and cultural growth from evolution, can be startling. By placing the importance of natural selec... ... , The opening pages of and selections from Dawkins work http://www.world-of-dawkins.com/Dawkins<br>/Work/Books/selfpage.htm 2)The Selfish Gene Theory, Explanatory site providing overview of theory http://bovination.com/cbs/selfishGene%20Theory.jsp 3) The Selfish Gene?" Reason in Revolt , Genetic issues and Dawkins discussed http://www.marxist.com/rircontents.asp Works Consulted 4) In Defense of Selfish Genes , Dawkins refute to claims made about his theory by Mary Midgely http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/dawkins_genes.htm 5) Selfish Genes and Social Darwinism , Counterarguments for Selfish Gene Theory http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/%20midgley_genes.htm 6) The Selfish Gene: The Underpinnings of Narcissism , Further discussion and implications on Selfish Gene Theory http://samvak.tripod.com/journal43.

Evidence Informed Decision Making Report Essay

Introduction This paper will discuss wound care, the effectiveness of saline versus water when cleaning wounds, and the experience of patients undergoing long term wound care. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate understanding of evidence informed decision making, researchable questions, searching the available evidence and research designs. Background Webster’s Dictionary by Guralnik (1970) defines a wound as â€Å"an injury, especially one in which the skin or another external surface is torn, pierced, cut, or otherwise broken.† Wounds can be acquired from accidents or from medical procedures such as operations or surgeries. Anytime a patient acquires a wound, the care given to the person and at the site of injury is an essential part in the healing process. Proper wound care can prevent further complications, infections, and preserve function. It involves cleaning, examining and bandaging. Wound cleansing or â€Å"irrigation† the steady flow of a solution across an open wound surface to achieve wound hydration, remove debris, and to assist with the visual assessment. The irrigation solution is meant to remove cellular debris and surface pathogens contained in wound exudates or residue from topically applied products. Cleansing methods may differ between individual health care providers, institutions, or facilities but the irrigation solution chosen can have a significant impact on healing outcomes and therefore should be chosen carefully with supporting evidence. Quantitative Study Design The study design that provides the highest level of evidence to answer the identified quantitative PICO question is a Randomized Control Trial (RCT). According to McMaster School of Nursing (N.D), a RCT involves â€Å"individuals who do not have the outcome of interest in mind and are randomly allocated to receive the intervention or standard of care or conventional treatment (comparison group), or no intervention (control group) and followed forward in time to determine whether they experience the outcome of interest.† This design was chosen because its strengths involve â€Å"gold standard to test the effectives of a treatment/intervention, and decreased bias through random allocation† according to McMaster University School of Nursing (N.D). Random allocation of participants within the experimental group is preferred as unbiased results can be achieved and which prevents the data from being skewed. Specifically in this case, if patients know their wounds are being studied for the outcome of infections, personal behaviors or hygiene techniques could be altered during this time, which may influence the results. Qualitative Study Design A phenomenological study design is most appropriate to answer the identified qualitative study question because it explores the â€Å"lived experiences of people† which are subjective according to McMaster University School of Nursing (N.D). In this case, phenomenological studies fit best as the answer being sought is the experience for wounded patients under going wound care. Literature Search Quantitative Search A â€Å"Summaries† level study was found called â€Å"Emergency nursing resource: wound preparation† from the National Guideline Clearinghouse database. The â€Å"Summaries† level is found at the top of the 6S hierarchy pyramid of pre-processed evidence. A summary study was used because it was the first level to be explored and provided the highest level of evidence to fully answer the quantitative PICO question. Furthermore, when a relevant â€Å"Summaries† level study is found, there is no need to go further down the pyramid as the â€Å"Summaries† level contains essentially a summary of the information available at the lower levels. Regarding my research strategy, I first started looking at the RNAO Best Practice Guidelines. I began browsing by topics, however a topic on wound care was not available. I proceeded to use the manual search bar where I intentionally used a broad search term of â€Å"wound care† with the quotations around it. This only yielded only one result, which was not relative to answering my question. I thought that even if I used a more specific search request, I would not find any different results as even the broadest term yielded nothing helpful. From there, I moved onto the National Clearinghouse Guideline database. This is where I found my first relevant study called â€Å"Emergency nursing resource: wound preparation†. I found that using asterisks, quotation marks, and capitalized ANDs helped me be successful in finding the research I needed. Also using different combination of search terms and synonyms, I was able to refine my search to the point where I found my first relevant study. The exact terminology I used was â€Å"‘wound prep*’ AND ‘water’ AND ‘saline’†. This generated two results, which was beneficial as the results were focused and specific to what I was searching for. I found another summaries level study from the DynaMed database called â€Å"Laceration Management†. I was able to find this study on my first try using the term â€Å"wound irriga*†. Because irrigation could refer to either water or saline, I found it more effective to use the root of â€Å"irrigation† as it yielded better results. Please see Appendix A for a copy of the search history. Qualitative Search When conducting a search for my qualitative question, I first started at the â€Å"Synopsis of Single Studies† level of the 6S pyramid. I searched three databases from this level including Evidence-Based Nursing, Evidence-Based Healthcare and Public Health, and Evidence-Based Medicine. Unfortunately I was unable to find a phenomenological study to accurately answer my qualitative question for patients undergoing wound care. Since none of these databases had what I was looking for, I moved onto the next level of the 6S pyramid, which was â€Å"Single Studies†. I was much more successful here. The first database I checked was CINAHL. Using the entry of (MH â€Å"Phenomenological Research† AND â€Å"wound care†) I retrieved twenty results. From the list of results, I found two appropriate phenomenological studies, which accurately answered my qualitative question. I can say with ease that I did not experience difficulty when conducting a search for this material. I found following the suggestions and guidelines that the EIDM module provided from the McMaster University School of Nursing was extremely helpful in successfully finding relevant research in a timely manor. Please see Appendix B for a copy of the search history. Discussion Quantitative Study Discussion For the quantitative discussion, there will be two articles addressed which will answer the following question: In patients requiring wound care, does tap water compared to normal saline reduce the number of infection incidents? The first credible resource is titled â€Å"Emergency nursing: wound preparation†. It is a guideline intended for nurses and doctors with the best recommendations for practice with evidence to support it. The objective of the guideline is to evaluate what method of wound preparation is most effective for promoting wound healing and reducing rates of infection for patients in the with acute lacerations. The interventions considered were portable tap water versus normal saline. Pooled data from the studies within the review identified a 37% reduction in the rate of infection in wounds cleansed with tap water compared to wounds cleansed with normal saline. Data from one study showed a significantly higher rate of infection in the group that received normal saline; however, this could have been attributed to difference in the temperature of the irrigation solution (National Guideline Clearinghouse, 2012). The overall recommendation based upon the supporting evidence is that â€Å"potable tap water is equivalent and may be superior to normal saline for laceration cleansing and irrigation in patients across the lifespan† to promote wound healing and decrease rates of infection (National Guideline Clearinghouse, 2012). This evidence answers the quantitative questions clearly and concisely by alluding to the fact tap water is equivalent to normal saline in reducing infection rate in wounded patients. The next â€Å"Summaries† level study that will be discussed is called â€Å"Laceration Management† (DynaMed, 2008). Here we see that based on 715 randomized trails of acute laceration cleansing, patients received either tap water or normal saline solution. Based on the 634 follow up cases 4% tap water versus 3.3% saline group had wound infections. Furthermore, in this review, findings show that warmed saline was preferred over room temperature saline. So again we see the factor of temperature of the irrigation solution being considered as it plays a role in infection rate, similarly to the study findings discussed above. The overall bottom line of the review states, â€Å"tap water irrigation may not increase infection rate compared to sterile saline for simple lacerations† (DynaMed, 2008). This evidence therefore compliments the answer to quantitative question discussed above as again we see little to no difference in infection rates with tap water compared to normal saline in wound care. Qualitative Study Discussion There are two phenomenologic studies used to address the following qualitative question: What is the experience for wounded patients under going long term wound care? The first study is called â€Å"The Lived Experience A Chronic Wound: A Phenomenologic Study† (Beitz, & Goldberg, 2005). The methods used to obtain the data were interviews with open-ended questions and a brief questionnaire. The most commonly expressed concerns were grouped into the following themes: pain, mobility, freedom, and wound status. The constant experience of pain made life uncomfortable, mobility limitations decreased independence and freedom, and lastly lack of knowledge regarding wound status increased uncertainty, feelings of frustration, and decreased life quality (Beitz & Goldberg, 2005). The identified themes explicitly answer the qualitative question regarding experience of undergoing long term wound care. The second study is called â€Å"A forever healing: The lived experience of venous ulcer disease† and it explores the life experiences of having a chronic wound from a patient’s perspective. Similarly to the â€Å"Chronic Wound† study discussed above, an interview method consisting of open-ended questions was used to collect data. Four common themes emerged from the analysis of experiences, which include: a forever healing process, limits and accommodations, powerlessness, and â€Å"who cares?† (Chase, Melloni, Savage, 1997). The healing process for these patients with leg ulcers never ends as continual protection, attention and care is required, which is a lot of responsibility and commitment. Furthermore, the implications of the ulcers often left clients with decreased mobility and activity. The long-term duration of these circumstances in conjunction with the functionality loss led to a sense of powerlessness and hopeless. Ultimately clients admitted to developing a â€Å"who cares?† attitude toward their condition (Chase et al 1997). These common life experience themes identified within this study provides a view into the experiences of having a chronic wound, which answers the qualitative question. Conclusion In summary, both â€Å"Summaries† level studies conclude the same answer that tap water does not increase rate of infection in wound irrigation compared to saline solution. Solution temperature plays a role in wound healing and should be considered when preparing to cleanse. From a qualitative perspective, wounds can have major implications on life quality. As health care providers, the phenomenologic knowledge regarding living with a chronic wound is invaluable. It not only grants us the ability to better empathize with clients undergoing similar circumstances, but allows us to provide better care by helping persons cope and adapt to chronic wounds in healthy, positive ways (Beitz, & Goldberg, 2005). The ways in which nurses can minimize negative components of chronic wounds include assessing pain frequently, working with physical therapists to optimize mobility and freedom, and lastly be forthcoming with explanations about procedures and wound status. When such things are accomplished, clients should feel more empowered and perhaps an improvement will be seen not only physical state, but also the mental and emotional state. References Beitz, J., & Goldberg, E. (2005). The lived experience of having a chronic wound: a phenomenologic study. MEDSURG Nursing, 14(1), 51. Chase, S., Melloni, M., Savage A. (1997). A forever healing: The lived experience of venous ulcer disease. Journal of Vascular Nursing, 15(2), 73-78. DynaMed. (2008, March 8). Laceration management. Ipswich, MA:EBSCO Publishing. Retrieved November 14, 2012, from http://search.ebscohost.com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=dme&AN=129892&site=dynamed-live&scope=site. Guralnik, D. B. (1970). Webster’s New World dictionary of the American language (2d college ed.). New York: World Pub. Co. McMaster University School of Nursing, (N.D). Research Designs [BScN EIDM Learning Modules]. Retrieved from Avenue to Learn. National Guideline Clearinghouse. (2012, July 2). Emergency nursing resource: wound preparation. Rockville MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Rationality, Educated Opinion and Peace Essay

Abstract: This paper addresses the relevance of interwar thought to the building of peace through examining the ideas of three important writers of the period: Edward Hallett Carr, Norman Angell and Alfred Zimmern. The role of public opinion was under much query in the politics of the period they wrote in, and crucial to this issue are the questions as to whether the public mind is rational and capable of reason. These writers are concerned with the influence of public opinion and believe that through educating the public mind, the possibility of peace can be increased. Drawing from their ideas, this paper thus postulates that peace is a product of rationality and there is possibility of progress through education. The birth of international relations as a separate discipline was founded against the context of the interwar years, which brought about important consequences for the subsequent development of the interwar years. The tensions prior to and the subsequent devastation of the Great War forced intellectuals of the early twentieth century to seek explanations for the causes of war and to postulate measures by which another catastrophe could be prevented. The general psyche of the people exerted an influence on the direction of international studies. As David Long points out, the academic study of international affairs during this period of time possessed â€Å"a normative though not necessarily utopian interest in the avoidance of war†1. Such a trend is manifested in the trust deed of the Wilson Chair of International Politics (one of the first few schools of the discipline), which states that international politics is the â€Å"political science in its application to international relations with special reference to the best means of promoting peace between nations.†2 Woodrow Wilson, being a leading statesman at the time, presents one of the possible avenues for peace. He consciously and deliberately tied issues of foreign policy to domestic politics, giving rise to what will come to be known as the â€Å"democratic peace thesis†. Wilson advocates the belief that â€Å"popular participation, public life and opportunity for all [will be] the guarantee of peace†. Wilson believed that diplomacy and foreign policy must be taken with regard to public opinion and the public being rational would prefer peace to war.3 The crucial premise here is that public opinion matters in a democratic political system. The assumption further made is that the political leaders are sensitive to public opinion and will be susceptible to their demands. The issue of public opinion gives rise to another set of issues, and one of the foremost in this period, is the skepticism that the basic assumption of a rational public rejecting war is true. Is the public rational? Is war a rational choice? The political definition of rationality is the ability of the public to discern the options open to them, and to adopt the best option to achieve their prioritized goals. The Great War cast doubts as to whether public is necessarily aware of what their options and goals are, much less their ability to choose the best option to fit their preferred purpose. As historian A. J. P. Taylor argues that the intellectual backlash against the dehumanizing war made the interwar years an â€Å"age of intellectual and artistic activity†, where intellectuals from various fields of study question the power of man to reason.4 The devastation of war brings queries, particularly from the idealists, as to whether war can be a rational choice. Even if the assumption holds true, there is still the question as to whether public opinion has any weight on policy formulation. Given this particular context, this paper questions the foundations of Wilsonian politics. This paper will thus postulate on the influence of public opinion and the impact of rationality on the maintenance of peace by drawing from the ideas of three important writers of this period: Edward Hallett Carr, Norman Angell and Alfred Zimmern. This paper will first introduce the positions of all three writers. It will then examine the fundamental assumption shared by all three writers with respect to public opinion, before expounding on their arguments on the rationality of the public and why the issue matters. The paper will then look into the possibilities of peace, and how the three concur on the issue of education. Due to source constraints, this paper will draw on secondary references to the works of the three writers, where the primary sources are not available. Carr, Angell and Zimmern Peter Wilson in Thinkers of the Twenty Years’ Crisis introduces Carr’s book as â€Å"a work which not only set the tone for subsequent discussion of inter-war thought, but also substantially shaped postwar attitudes towards it.†5 The premise for The Twenty Years’ Crisis is the critique of inter-war idealism, which Carr terms ‘utopian’6. Carr dismisses the ‘utopians’ as being unable to understand political reality and sets up a dichotomy that supposes â€Å"utopia: reality= free will: determinism= theory: practice= morality: power =universal: relative= intellectual: bureaucrat= Left: Right† 7 The dichotomy presented by Carr undermines interwar idealism, and leads, in part, to the rejection of the practical value of these theories. This dichotomy shapes subsequent debate and is consequentially identified as the polarity of realism and idealism, which will dominate international studies for the next few decades. In order to posit queries of the dichotomy, it is first necessary to expound on the assumptions that are conventionally made of either school. Brian C. Schmidt summarises the assumptions of idealism as follows : a pervasive faith in reason and rationalism, a belief in the infallibility of public opinion, the view that war was irrational, that the best way to end conflict was through education, international law, and world government, and, finally, a belief that the essential harmony of interests existed, which translated into the international doctrine of â€Å"war-does-not-pay8. Superficially, both Norman Angell and Alfred Zimmern adopt such assumptions in their writings. Significantly, both Angell and Zimmern share the same devotion to one key tenet: the possibility of progress through educating public opinion and conditioning human behaviour. Their devotion to the tenet became stronger later into their careers, especially after the Second World War. The realist school of thought as represented by Carr, refutes the idealist assumptions. In particular, the realists argue that the concept of ‘power’ is central to international affairs. Carr adopts Thomas Hobbes’ argument on human nature and advances the argument that the state as a rational actor will choose to maximize its capacity for power in order to secure its survival. He argues that public opinion, even when informed, is not necessarily pacifist and that thought can be mould by political purposes. Through defining his position by rejecting and critiquing the idealists assumptions, Carr’s realist position is thus seen as the diametric opposite of the idealists. It is then necessary to redress both the ideas of Carr and the much-maligned interwar idealists, among whom are Zimmern and Angell. The choice of juxtaposing Angell and Zimmern with Carr in this paper is conscious. Both Zimmern and Angell are among the few ‘utopians’ whom Carr explicitly criticizes in The Twenty Years’ Crisis. Andreas Osiander points out that Zimmern is â€Å"still widely regarded as what Oslon and Groom have called the ‘consummate’ idealist†9, and is thus identifiable with the idealist school of thought. Yet Zimmern, as Paul Rich and Peter Wilson suggest, is considerably less adverse to Carr’s ideas than his idealist colleagues.10 Angell, on the other hand, is one of the fiercest adversaries to The Twenty Years’ Crisis, but J. D. Miller raises the argument that â€Å"Angell should†¦ be regarded less as an idealist than a far sighted realist† because of his â€Å"acute awareness† of the issues o f political reality11. The interplay of their ideas then calls to question the validity of a clear dichotomy. In essence then, this paper seek to question if the positions of these writers on the assumptions raised by Schmidt are as concrete as they appear to be. In other words, this paper examines the complexities of Carr, Angell and Zimmern’s ideas on the applicability of public opinion, rationality and possibilities of peace. On closer examination, this paper argues that despite the differences, the three share a fundamental similarity: the belief in progress. The dichotomy between the realists and idealists is permeable, and in their postulation of the long term, the arguments of Carr, Angell and Zimmern coincide. Public Opinion First and foremost, the underlying assumption that Carr, Angell and Zimmern adopt is that public opinion matters, even though their understanding of public opinion differs. Zimmern argues that â€Å"[p]ublic opinion is the lifeblood of a civilized community† but unfortunately, the majority of the peoples is guided by â€Å"caprice of ignorance, passion or greed, and the other devils if unreason.†12 The title of Carr’s inaugural speech at the University College of Wales, â€Å"Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace† says much. Carr argues that public opinion can exert tremendous influence over a foreign policy issue that it feels sufficiently strongly about, using the case of the public rejection of the Hoare-Laval plan to build his case. He states that, â€Å"No nation, and least of all a democracy, can wage war unless it has the support of an overwhelming majority of its people†13. The implication of such a statement in light of guarding the peace is that insofar as the public is not in favour of war, a state and particularly a democratic state will not and cannot adopt war as a policy instrument. Angell’s Nobel Lecture, â€Å"Peace and the Public Mind†, adopts the same position, except that he argues public opinion, being misinformed and â€Å"disastrously erroneous† can lead to war. 14 Interestingly both Angell and Carr argue that public opinion is easily manipulated. Carr devotes a section to â€Å"Power over opinion† in The Twenty Years’ Crisis, suggesting that the greater proportion of public becoming conscious or involved in politics relates to the importance that the ruling elite place on propaganda as an instrument of power. The influence of propaganda rests on the premise he sets earlier in the book that the crucial contribution of realism is the idea that thought is relative to purpose. 15 For instance, nationalism, as a form of ideology, could be seen as a means by which the public can be persuaded to go to war. Similarly, Angell contends that a small militant minority is capable of appealing to the majority towards a policy that may not be in the majority’s best interests.16 Rationality Having established that public opinion has a role to play, we then move on to the crucial questions: is the public rational, and is war a rational choice? On both issues, there are significant differences between Carr and the idealists, arising from the difference in the way they interpret and infer from past and current events. Reason and rationality give rise to different outcomes for Carr and the idealists. An important observation is that Carr places more faith in reason and rationality than do the others, contrary to our earlier presupposition that it is the idealists who have a â€Å"pervasive faith in reason and rationalism.† A proper definition of what is meant by rational behaviour has yet to be provided as a premise for argument. To proceed, we adopt James Mill’s argument for the rational public opinion quoted in Carr as a guide to what rational behaviour entails: Every man possessed of reason is accustomed to weigh evidence and to be guided and determined by its preponderance. When various conclusions are, with their evidence presented with equal care and with equal skill, there is a moral certainty, though some few maybe misguided, that greatest number will judge right, and the greatest force of evidence, whatever it is, will produce the greatest impression. 17 Whereas Carr believes that the public, being self-interested, is capable of defining their goals and seeking the best possible means to achieve toward that end, he rejects Mills’ definition of rational behaviour. Mills’ definition is in turn based on the ideas espoused by Jeremy Betham who assumes that the ideal option is the â€Å"greatest good to the greatest number†. Carr argues that public opinion comes from the masses, who are for large part, neither enlightened nor educated and thus â€Å"the greatest number† need not necessarily â€Å"judge right†. He argues that Betham and Mills’ assumption that self-interest can be sacrificed for the sake of â€Å"the greatest good† to the collective is based on â€Å"some kind of intuition of what is right and cannot be demonstrated by rational argument.†18 Carr suggests, instead, that rational necessarily demands a consciousness and the ability to adjust to the balance of power existing in international affairs, which serves as a constraint on the options available. The discerning public thus does not only take into account what is right, but also what is most practical in catering to self-interest. Carr then adopts an argument that is parallel to Thomas Hobbes’. Hobbes, in Leviathan, states the fundamental law of nature as: it is a precept, or general rule of reason that every man, ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek, and use all helps, and advantages of war Carr comments, to the same effect, that although war is undesirable, it is not possible to impose an absolute judgement that war is â€Å"always and unconditionally wrong.† The implication of Hobbes and Carr’s argument is that the public being rational favours peace. However, when the public believes that they have more to gain from war, or more to lose from not going to war, war becomes a rational and logical solution. Historically, Carr’s argument seems to find sufficient basis in the outbreak of World War I. One of the reasons contributing to the war was the increase in bellicosity, arising from rationalization of cost and benefit or cooperation and non-cooperation. Prior to the Great War, the perceived cost of non-cooperation19 had decreased. The perception was influenced by beliefs that any war would be short, a consequence of â€Å"a highly exaggerated faith in the efficacy of offensive military strategies and tactics†20 and by the system of alliances. The perception was further coloured by nationalism. Secondly the perceived gains of non-cooperation had increased. The general belief was that expansionism and offensive foreign policy was perceived to be too high, due to the general suspicion of the intentions of the other states. Given these perceptions then prevalent, European states saw it to their advantage to go to war, and in fact to initiate the war so as to reap the greate st advantage of the ground. This international game theory exemplifies in part the rational process that Carr espoused. The idealists depart greatly from Carr. Angell and Zimmern accept that Mills’ definition is greatly desired but finds it incongruent with political reality. Reus-Smit, in his essay â€Å"The Strange Death of Liberal Theory†, argues that the conflict between morality and political reality is seen by Angell as a divide between â€Å"reason and unreason†. He argues that, â€Å"If the former prevailed, there was some hope of a reconciliation between morality, defined as the well-being of all and reality, which in [Angell’s] favoured area was the incompatibility of warfare and such well-being.21† However, within the historical context, Angell believes that ‘unreason’ prevailed. Angell believes that the public mind is often irrational, because it is too easily persuaded; it does not possess sufficient information, nor the ability to process vast amounts of information when it is available and it lacks the skill to seek evidence for the variou s conclusions, as Mill points out, i.e., it cannot â€Å"see the likely results of actions.† 22 The public mind cannot compute cost-benefit-analysis, which is central to rationalization. Angell accounts for this irrationality of the public mind, stating that it arises from the â€Å"failure to apply to our international relationships knowledge which is of practically universal possession†23 In Angell’s opinion then, it is not for the lack of intellectual capacity on the part of the public that lead to the irrational behaviour, but the inability to apply knowledge. Resting on his idea of the irrational public, Angell expounds on the war and why the public’s choice to go to war is actually irrational. In his aptly named book, The Great Illusion, he puts forth a convincing argument on the futility of war on grounds of rationality and economic considerations. Angell argues that the perceived benefits of war under modern circumstances, are reduced, as victors can no longer expect to benefit as much from the spoils of war. The change is largely because goods and spoils are no longer portable (such as gold, silver, slaves, precious stones) as they had before. Goods and services are non-physical such as currency, shares, and fixed assets, and are thus not transferable wealth. As such, if states act purely in their self-interest, given the expectation not to gain from war, states would be unlikely to pursue war.24 Angell considers this line of reasoning to be simplistic and easily applicable to the conduct of international relations. Yet as the advent of World War I proves, the public is incapable of applying such rationale to political practice. Angell argues that the pervading reasons behind war, then, are irrational. Not only does war not serve to the benefit of the state concerned, better alternatives of action could be sought such as building economic relations, social interaction. Such connections can be used in persuading, as opposed to coercing, other states into behaving in the manner that is beneficial to the state concerned. Thus the argument adopted is that war is irrational, i.e. not the best-laid option, and man being irrational and susceptible to external influences, chooses to use war as a policy instrument. Andreas Osiander points out that â€Å"unlike what Carr implies, Zimmern, like Angell, was very far from seeing public opinion as necessarily a force for peace.25† Like Angell, he believes that the conflicts in the international arena, giving rise to war are resultant of intellectual, and not political failure.26 However, if Carr is to be believed, Zimmern can, in fact, be seen as being more extreme than Angell. Carr states in The Twenty Years Crisis that Zimmern is inclined towards the hypothesis that â€Å"If mankind in its international relations has signally failed to achieve the rational good, it must †¦ have been too stupid to understand that good.† Carr’s statement is not altogether justified. Although Zimmern does point out that the impediment to overcoming the obstacle towards peace is that man â€Å"are beings of conservative temper and limited intelligence27†, what he implies is that man is reluctant to adjust to present realities brought b y modernity. As a result of the inherent resistance towards change, man’s mental capacity does not adapt to the fact that previous ways of managing international relations are no longer applicable. Consequentially, public opinion cannot be trusted to be rational. Zimmern subscribes to John Stuart Mill’s argument of the â€Å"tyranny of the majority†. He argues that the ruling elite, that is, the politicians in positions of power tend to be capable of rationalization. However this intellectual minority in government is consumed by the irrational public: â€Å"for statesmen, however wise and far sighted, are limited in their policies by the public opinion and parliaments to which they are responsible.28† Angell concurs on this issue. J. D. Miller, drawing from Angell’s comments, argues that Angell too â€Å"feared the impact upon politicians of an unreasoning crowd mind, and doubted the capacity of politicians to resist it†. Both Angell and Zimmern, then, prefer that the intellectual minority be given the ability and power to lead the rest of the populace, so as to govern rational foreign policies. In this regard, Carr again differs. Whereas Carr does agree that the intellectual minority has a role to play in leading public opinion,29 he believes that the intellectual minority is however, sadly, out of touch with reality. He argues his case by drawing on the difference between intellectuals’ perceptions of the League of Nations with those of the man on the street. The intellectuals, who tend to be idealists by his definition, strive to secure and maintain peace via means of treaties, covenants and legal codifications. The general public, however, is more concerned with the practice of international affairs (as opposed to the theory.) Going by Carr’s understanding of rational behaviour to be taking into account what is right and also what is most practical in application, the intellectual mi nority is in practice less rational than the public. Change and the possibility of progress As it is, there seems to be a great divide between Carr and his two contemporaries with regards to whether man is rational. However, central to their arguments is the shared belief that history is a directional process, that is, there is the idea of constant change. Carr argues that war occurs because of the conservative reluctance to allow change to the status quo and the way to peace is to provide means of peaceful change.30 Angell and Zimmern suggest that war occurs because man has yet to come to terms with change, and that the mentality and psyche of the populace has not kept in line with international developments. As Zimmern states, â€Å"the statesmen and the peoples have not adjusted their minds to the new realities†31. The central concern with the issue of change harkens to a broader issue on which the three writers concur: the possibility of progress. The interwar context is one of pessimism. The first decade had been one of recovery and rehabilitation from the shock of the Great War and the second decade of mounting tensions and escalation to an even more disastrous war. The context in which these writers write in, therefore, begets the question of whether man can move away from destruction of war, and by what means. The three writers agree that the current situation calls for change, as present movements and measures to maintain peace are insufficient and inadequate, and are reasonably optimistic that such change can be effected. Carr notes even in 1936 that, â€Å"the cause of peace has made tremendous stride during the past fifteen years and shows his preference towards progressive history, arguing that â€Å"a sense of change as a progressive factor in history, and belief in reason as our guide for the understanding of its complexities† are crucial to the current world. Angell is of the same mind when he questions the unchangeability of human nature and argues that just as cannibalism and slavery can be systematically reduced in our society, so too can the warlike nature of man and states32. Zimmern, even when decrying the decline of international standards (which he defined as rules of behaviour) at a meeting at Chatham House in 1937 argues that the process of change allowing for pea ceful coexistence was already taking place.33 The ultimate aim of change is the maintenance of peace, which is assumed to be the preferred good, through the avoidance of war. The question that is then posited is, by what means? Carr, Angell and Zimmern propose different measures but the one pertinent to the prior argument on public opinion and rationality is their faith in education. Due to their fundamental belief that public opinion matters, it is logical to argue that if the public mind, as Angell would call it, could be trained and conditioned to favour ‘peaceful change’, then the chances of states going to war would be minimized. Angell quotes in his The Great Illusion that â€Å"Not the facts, but men’s opinions about the facts is what matters†, and making a parallel with the abolishment of witch hunts, he comments that â€Å"just as in the matter of burning witches a change of behaviour was the outcome of a change of opinion†¦ in a same way a change in the political conduct of can only com e about as a result of a change of thought†34. The way to peace then is to shape man’s perceptions about war. Given this understanding, the most basic and possibly most efficient way of bringing about this conditioned public is through education. However in his address given to Chatham House in 1931, Angell claims that the current education system does not adequately prepare the individual to make intelligent and informed inferences from the facts presented to him. He believes that the reason behind this lack in the system is that education tends to follow a tradition whereby an older generation influences and instruct the younger through a process of socialization.35 Unfortunately this tradition means that values and ideas that are taught are often unable to catch up with present realities. The educational system had also focused on provision of information, without equipping the individual with means to discern the motivations, the causation analysis, the implications et cetera behind the piece of information. According to him, â€Å"We have thought too much of the facts and too little of their meaning.† 36 Thus the socialization/education of an individual does not adequately provide him with the skill to make rational choices. Given his premise that war is irrational under any circumstances lest in defence and a rational public will therefore reject war, the skill deficiency means that man may choose to go to war due to their lack of understanding, unless the educational system can be changed. Beyond the suggestion that education shifts its focus from its informational purpose towards equipping successive generations with the skill to possess information, Angell does not however provide for how education can be otherwise structured. Zimmern elaborates on his ideal educational system in his book Learning and Leadership, which is not only designed to impart the skill of discerning information but also specifically equipped to teach students about international life. Particularly, he believes that practical experience through interaction with people from other nations will allow students to imbibe the habit of cooperation and harmonious living37. Zimmern believes that once people are given more exposure to the international arena, they will be able to understand foreigners and foreign influences better and become more acutely aware of the idea of universal brotherhood. This basic premise being established, man will be more able to understand the actions of others, less inclined to take preemptive action and to go to war. The assumption of such an argument is that people are less inclined to advocate war against a party that they share an understanding with. Education is thus seen as an instrument which can build commonality among peoples, as well as a means by which the public can be trained to be rational. In The Twenty Years’ Crisis, Carr argues for the application of reason to understanding current situations and political reality; in his later work What is History he extends the role of reason to the capacity to reform: The primary function of reason, as applied to man in society, is no longer merely to investigate, but to transform; and this heightened consciousness of the power of men to improve the management of his social, economic and political affairs by the application of rational processes seems to me one of the major aspects of the twentieth century. 38 The core assumptions here are that reason leads to progress and progress is necessarily an improvement. Remembering the key concern of the study of international relations in the interwar period, a foremost improvement of the human condition is the eradication of war. As do Angell and Zimmern, Carr believes that education was to be the tool by which such improvement can come about. However, unlike Zimmern and Angell who believe that the public has to be thought how to make rational choices in the first place, Carr believes that education can be used to shape the way the public thinks about their choices. Carr notes then that education policy must be shaped: Educators at all levels are nowadays more and more consciously concerned to make their contribution to the shaping of society in a particular mould, and to inculcate in the rising generation the attitudes, loyalties and opinions appropriate to that type of society: educational policy is an integral part of any rationally planned social policy.39 It is then assumed, that rationally, a society will be prefer not to resort to war in a conflict of interest, and a means by which this can be ensured is to design an educational system which, in the context of the interwar years, should imbue in them the moral norm that ‘peaceful change’ is the preferred means of achieving policy objectives. To put it more plainly, Carr’s ideal is using education to persuade man against the doctrine of power, providing a basis whereby a compromise between morality and power can be reached and peaceful change achieved. In his contention that thought is relative to purpose, Carr postulates that mass opinion can directed and in fact ‘mass-produced’ via ‘universal popular education’. It is imperative to note that by popular education, Carr has included the mass media.( Carr does not, however differentiate between education and propaganda in The Twenty Years’ Crisis though in What is History, he associates education with rationality and the â€Å"growing consciousness from below as well as from above of the role which reason can play†40). The application of reason and rationality therefore means that education can be used to persuade mankind against war. Instead of making an argument that war is irrational, educators can influence the public into making a conscious choice not to use war as a policy instrument. As Carr states, â€Å"I regard as of immense importance and promise the gradual extension of the area of the world’s surface within which war has been effectively been placed under the ban,† such that war is actually unthinkable41. What becomes interesting is how closely Carr mirrors the ‘utopians’ he derides. Peter Wilson, in his attempt to understand what Carr means by ‘utopian’, lists the various characteristics that Carr associates with the term. According to his analysis, all of these characteristics are † ‘progressive ideas’; and it might be therefore be concluded that the core characteristic of interwar idealism is belief in conscious, progressive change†. On this basis, Carr does not seem to be any much different, which recalls Reus-Smit’s observation quoted earlier in this paper that Carr is himself not a consummate realist. It is also possible to put forth an argument that Carr’s argument against utopianism was never meant to be an outright and unconditional rejection of the interwar theories. Conclusion Whether or not these three writers think the public mind is rational depends largely on whether they believe war can be a rational choice, and yet regardless of their perspectives on these two issues, they believe that progress towards avoidance of war can be ensured through changing human behaviour. Education policies thus become important, as they can shape the perceptions of the public and thus affect their choices, which is in turn reflected in the chosen foreign policy. However there is a point to note based on this argument set. All three writers are writing within a democratic framework and tradition, where by definition, requires that public opinion matters. Yet, public opinion is less likely to make an impact in an authoritarian state, and even in democratic states, there is the consideration of public apathy, the leaders gambling and taking risks by not going according to public opinion, et cetera. These complications bring us back to the consideration of Wilsonian politics. Woodrow Wilson professes that his aim is to make the world safe for democracy, and that democracy will bring peace. His tendency has been to look at the building and maintenance of peace from a top down approach, where the political structure and political ideological apparatus are enforced. In other words, he looks to providing a mechanism which will allow the rational public to prevent the tendencies of the militant minority from dragging the state to war. However, from the ideas of Carr, Angell and Zimmern, such a mechanism would not function effectively against war unless the public mind can be first conditioned through a fitting educational system emphasizing co-operation and peace. 1 David Long, â€Å"Conclusion: Interwar idealism, liberal internationalism and contemporary international theory†. Thinkers of the Twenty Years’ Crisis: Inter-war idealism reassessed. p. 303, pp. 306-307. 2 Quoted in E. H. Carr’s inaugural speech in the University College of Wales. â€Å"Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace† International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939). Vol. 15. No. 6. (Nov- Dec 1936), p. 846. 3 Mortimer Chambers, et al. The Western Experience Vol C: The Modern Era. pp. 892-893 4 A. J. P. Taylor, From Sarajevo to Potsdam. London: Thames & Hudson: 1966 pp. 103-106 5 Peter Wilson. â€Å"Introduction: The Twenty Years’ Crisis and the Category of ‘Idealism’ in International Relations†. David Long & Peter Wilson. (ed.) Thinkers of the Twenty Years’ Crisis: Inter-war idealism reassessed. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1995. p.1 6 Carr’s term ‘utopians’ is generally taken to refer to the idealists, though he does not clearly define who he considers to be utopians. 7 Wilson, â€Å"Introduction†, p. 12. Wilson adapted the equation from Hedley Bull, â€Å"The Twenty Crisis Thirty Years On†, International Journal, Issue 24, Vol. 4 (1969), p. 627-8. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis: 1919-1939. New York: Harper: (1946) 1964. pp. 11-21. 8 Brian C. Schmidt. â€Å"Lessons from the Past: reassessing the Interwar Disciplinary History of International Relations†. International Studies Quarterly (1998) 42. p 452 9 Andreas Osiander, â€Å"Rereading Early Twentieth Century IR theory: Idealism Revisited†, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Sep.,1998). p. 417 10 Paul Rich, â€Å"Alfred Zimmern’s Catious Idealism: the League of Nations, International Education, and the Commonwealth†. Thinkers of the Twenty Years’ Crisis: Inter-war idealism reassessed. p.88; Peter Wilson, â€Å"Carr and his Early Crtics: responses to the Twenty Years’ Crisis†. Michael Cox (ed). E. H. Carr: A critical appraisal. New York: Palgrave: 2000. p. 167. 11 J. D. Miller. â€Å"Norman Angell and Rationality in International Relations†. Thinkers of the Twenty Years’ Crisis: Inter-war idealism reassessed. pp. 116, 119. 12 Alfred Zimmern, Learning and Leadership: a study of the needs and possibilities of international intellectual co-operation. London: Oxford University Press: 1928. p. 10; p. 82. 13 Carr, â€Å"Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace† pp. 857-858. 14 Norman Angell, Peace and the Public Mind. June 12, 1935. http://www.nobel.se/cgi-bin/print. March 24, 2004. 15 E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis. pp. 132-133; pp. 67-75 16 Norman Angell Peace and the Public Mind. para. 19 17 quoted in E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis. p 24. 18 Ibid. p. 26; p. 41 19 The line of reasoning here is tied to the idea of an international game theory, which due to practical constraints cannot be covered here. The argument is made in line with Robert Jervis theory on international behaviour in his â€Å"Cooperation Under Security Dilemma† World Politics. Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jan, 1978), pp.167-214. 20 Stephen van Evera, â€Å"Why co-operation failed in 1914†. World Politics, Vol. 38. No. 1 (Oct, 1985). p. 81 21 Christian Reus-Smit, â€Å"The Strange Death of Liberal International Theory†. European Journal of International Law. Vol. 12. No. 3. pp. 578-9. 22 J. D. Miller. Norman Angell and the Futility of War: Peace and the public mind. London: Macmillian: 1986. pp/ 124-125. 23 Norman Angell. Peace and the Public mind. para. 17 24 Norman Angell. Europe’s Optical Illusion. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent , 1909(?)24-40; The Great Illusion:A study of the relation of military power to national advantage. London: William Heinemann 1913. pp. 26-40. 25 Andreas Osiander, â€Å"Rereading Early Twentieth Century IR theory† p. 417 26 Alfred Zimmern, Learning and Leadership. p. 11. 27 Alfred Zimmern, â€Å"The Problem with Collective Security† (ed) Q. Wright. Neutrality and Collective Security. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 1936. p. 8. 28 Ibid. 29 E. H. Carr, â€Å"Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace†. p. 854. 30 E. H. Carr. The Twenty Years Crisis. pp. 208-223 31 Alfred Zimmern Learning and Leadership. p. 22 32 Norman Angell, The Great Illusion. 1913. pp. 200-221. 33 Alfred Zimmern, â€Å"The Decline of International Standards†International Affiars (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939). Vol 17. No. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1938), p. 21. 34 Norman Angell, The Great Illusion. P. 327 35 Norman Angell, â€Å"Popular Education and International Affairs† International Affairs (Royal Institute of International affairs 1931-1939) Vol. 11, No. 3 (May 1932), p. 323 36 Ibid, p 335-338, 338 37 Alfred Zimmern Learning and Leadership. p. 26-60 38 E. H. Carr. What is History? New York , St. Martin’s Press , 1961 p 190 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid p. 195. Propaganda is associated with the emotive and not with reason. 41 E. H. Carr. â€Å"Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace†. p. 861.